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• W2058903946 abstract "Vol. 112, No. 17 PerspectivesOpen AccessPBDEs: Sjödin’s Responseis accompanied byU.S. PBDE Levels: Effects in Mice Andreas Sjödin Andreas Sjödin Search for more papers by this author Published:1 December 2004https://doi.org/10.1289/ehp.112-1253686Cited by:1AboutSectionsPDF ToolsDownload CitationsTrack Citations ShareShare onFacebookTwitterLinked InReddit I appreciate Cleet’s response to our paper concerning time trends of polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) and related compounds in the U.S. population (Sjödin et al. 2004), and I appreciate the opportunity to address his comments.Pentabromodiphenyl ether (pentaBDE), along with the lower brominated congeners, was the topic of our investigation (Sjödin et al. (2004). Cleet’s statement emphasizing that the current production of PBDEs is solely in the form of decabromodiphenyl ether belittles the fact that, in 2001, 95% of the 7,500 metric tons of pentaBDE was produced and consumed in the United States [Bromine Science and Environmental Forum (BSEF) 2003]. The industry’s withdrawal of pentaBDE and octabromodiphenyl ether (octaBDE) from the market by the end of 2004 will decrease environmental output. However, continued monitoring of environmental and human levels is needed to measure exposures originating from pentaBDE and octaBDE manufactured before 2005 and to study potential exposure to decaBDE, which will continue to be manufactured.Cleet’s second remark proposes the possibility that current human PBDE levels have reached a plateau. Because of the variability in our data (Sjödin et al. (2004) and the regionalized sampling, we believe such a conclusion may be premature. As Cleet mentions later in his letter, these studies may not be representative of U.S. and European populations. We did not claim that the sampled pools are representative. To further confirm and track our preliminary observations of human exposure to PBDEs, broader representative studies have been proposed.Cleet’s third issue concerns comparability of our data on BDE-47 with earlier studies. We referenced several publications regarding the similarity of our measured levels to earlier findings. In a 1988 Illinois study, human levels of BDE-47 were reported to be 0.63 ng/g lipid, with a range of < 0.4–24 ng/g lipid (Sjödin et al. 2001). These Illinois levels can be contrasted to the data from serum pools collected in the southeastern United States, where we found a range of < 1–6 ng/g lipid for the same year [see Figure 1 in our paper (Sjödin et al. 2004)]. We also compared our BDE-47 levels to those in other studies: for example, 33 ng/g lipid in breast adipose tissue (range 7–200 ng/g) collected in the late 1990s (She et al. 2002); 83 ng/g lipid in a milk pool (n = 19) collected in 1997 in New York (Betts 2002); 130 ng/g lipid in a milk pool collected in 2000 in Austin, Texas, and Denver, Colorado (Päpke et al. 2001); and 41 ng/g lipid in milk collected in 2001 in Texas (Schecter et al. 2003). These authors reported concentrations in the same range as our study [e.g., Figure 1 in our paper (Sjödin et al. 2004)].I appreciate Cleet’s clarification concerning production stoppage of hexabromobiphenyl (hexaBB) in Europe. Also, Cleet’s speculation about the differences in outcomes in animal studies is potentially useful. Although we did not study toxic effects of PBDEs, we asserted the cited studies to be examples of potential concern. We selected the work of Eriksson and colleagues in this regard, demonstrating observed effects in four publications: Eriksson et al. (2001, 2002), Viberg et al. (2002), and Sand et al. (2004).ReferencesBetts K. 2002. Rapidly rising PBDE levels in North America. Environ Sci Technol 36:50A-52A. Crossref, Medline, Google ScholarBSEF 2003. Major Brominated Flame Retardants Volume Estimates: Total Market Demand By Region in 2001. Brussels:Bromine Science and Environmental Forum. Available: http://www.bsef-site.com/docs/BFR_vols_2001.doc [accessed 20 October 2004]. Google ScholarEriksson P, Jakobsson E, Fredriksson A. 2001. Brominated flame retardants: a novel class of developmental neurotoxicants in our environment?Environ Health Perspect 109:903-90811673118. Link, Google ScholarEriksson P, Viberg H, Jakobsson E, Örn U, Fredriksson A. 2002. A brominated flame retardant, 2,2′,4,4′,5-pentabromodiphenyl ether: uptake, retention, and induction of neurobehavioral alterations in mice during a critical phase of neonatal brain development. Toxicol Sci 67:98-10311961221. Crossref, Medline, Google ScholarPäpke O, Bathe L, Bergman Å, Fürst P, Meironyté Guvenius D, Herrmann Tet al.. 2001. Determination of PBDEs in human milk from the United States – comparison of results from three laboratories. Organohalogen Compounds 52:197-200. Google ScholarSand S, von Rosen D, Eriksson P, Fredriksson A, Viberg H, Victorin Ket al.. 2004. Dose-response modeling and benchmark calculations from spontaneous behavior data on mice neonatally exposed to 2,2′,4,4′,5-pentabromodiphenyl ether. Toxicol Sci 81:491-50115254340. Crossref, Medline, Google ScholarSchecter A, Pavuk M, Päpke O, Ryan JJ, Birnbaum L, Rosen R. 2003. Polybrominated diphenyl ethers in U.S. mothers milk. Environ Health Perspect 111:1723-172914594622. Link, Google ScholarShe J, Petreas M, Winkler J, Visita P, McKinney M, Kopec D. 2002. PBDEin the San Francisco Bay area: measurement in harbor seal blubber and human breast adipose tissue. Chemosphere 46:697-70711999793. Crossref, Medline, Google ScholarSjödin A, Jones R, Focant JF, Lapeza C, Wang R, McGahee Eet al.. 2004. Retrospective time-trend study of polybrominated diphenyl ether and polybrominated and polychlorinated biphenyl levels in human serum from the United States. Environ Health Perspect 112:654-65815121506. Link, Google ScholarSjödin A, Patterson DG, Bergman Å. 2001. Brominated flame retardants in serum from U.S. blood donors. Environ Sci Technol 35:3830-383311642440. Crossref, Medline, Google ScholarViberg H, Fredriksson A, Eriksson P. 2002. Neonatal exposure to the brominated flame retardant 2,2′,4,4′,5-pentabromodiphenyl ether causes altered susceptibility in the cholinergic transmitter system in the adult mouse. Toxicol Sci 67:104-10711961222. Crossref, Medline, Google ScholarFiguresReferencesRelatedDetailsCited byDaniels J, Pan I, Jones R, Anderson S, Patterson D, Needham L and Sjödin A (2009) Individual Characteristics Associated with PBDE Levels in U.S. Human Milk Samples, Environmental Health Perspectives, 118:1, (155-160), Online publication date: 1-Jan-2010.Related articlesU.S. PBDE Levels: Effects in Mice1 December 2004Environmental Health Perspectives Vol. 112, No. 17 December 2004Metrics About Article Metrics Publication History Originally published1 December 2004Published in print1 December 2004 Financial disclosuresPDF download License information EHP is an open-access journal published with support from the National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Institutes of Health. All content is public domain unless otherwise noted. Note to readers with disabilities EHP strives to ensure that all journal content is accessible to all readers. However, some figures and Supplemental Material published in EHP articles may not conform to 508 standards due to the complexity of the information being presented. If you need assistance accessing journal content, please contact [email protected]. Our staff will work with you to assess and meet your accessibility needs within 3 working days." @default.
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