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- W2059413139 abstract "Smoking cessation programs measure outcomes in terms of abstinence from or reduction in smoking. These outcomes can be measured through self-report by the smoker, through measurement with a biological marker of smoking, or through a combination of both. Consideration of the relative advantages of self-report and biomarker approaches is important in the selection of measurement strategies to evaluate outcomes in smoking cessation interventions. In this article both ways of measuring smoking behavior, self-report and biomarkers of carbon monoxide, cotinine, nicotine, thiocyanate, and alkaloids of nicotine, are explored. Measurement approaches are discussed in light of research evidence and their physiologic bases. © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Res Nurs Health 27:281–292, 2004" @default.
- W2059413139 created "2016-06-24" @default.
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- W2059413139 date "2004-07-14" @default.
- W2059413139 modified "2023-09-23" @default.
- W2059413139 title "Cigarette smoking: Evidence to guide measurement" @default.
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- W2059413139 doi "https://doi.org/10.1002/nur.20024" @default.
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