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• W2059660519 abstract "The rat pineal, weighing about 1 mg, contains cells called pinealocytes and astrocytes, and secretes a family of methoxyindoles of which melatonin (N-acetyl-5-methoxytryptamine) is the most potent known substance. The pineal receives both blood and neural input and the synthesis of melatonin seems to be controlled by light/dark conditions, the highest levels being synthesized and secreted in the middle of the dark period and the lowest levels being generated in the middle of the light period. After the structural identification of melatonin by Lerner, it has been demonstrated that melatonin affects the release of MSH from the rat pituitary and MIF-I from the hypothalamus and that conversely melatonin release is also affected by circulating MSH and MIF-I. Melatonin is known to be derived from N-acetylated 5-HT by the action of NE release in the pineal cells in the dark phase causing an enzymatic (NAT) action. The N-acetyl-5-HT is then O-methylated by the action of HIOMT (which increases in the dark) leading to the formation of melatonin. Melatonin and MSH seem to have antagonistic effects on various physiological and behavioral functions. Melatonin lightens frog skin as opposed to the darkening effect of MSH. Melatonin induces sleep in cats, chicken and humans and also lengthens the pentobarbitone-induced sleep in animals. The behavioral effects of melatonin also include decreased motoric activity, decreased defecation, and facilitated extinction (inhibition of memory) of an AAR and of a PAR. However, subsequent studies could not establish an effect of melatonin on activity, but demonstrated a significant effect of melatonin on stress response inhibition. The role of central CAs, mainly DA (besides 5-HT) seems to be implicated in melatonin-induced inhibition of stress responses (indexed by reduced plasma 11-OHCS and novelty-induced defecation). Melatonin-induced facilitation of the extinction of learned responses may be related to the observed rise in brain CAs and 5-HT after melatonin administration over days. However, the action of melatonin is thought to be inseparable from the actions of other neuropeptides (e.g., MSH, MIF-I or AVT) and central neurotransmitters (e.g., 5-HT, GABA, and NE)." @default.
• W2059660519 created "2016-06-24" @default.
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• W2059660519 date "1980-12-01" @default.
• W2059660519 modified "2023-09-27" @default.
• W2059660519 title "Melatonin: Effects on brain and behavior" @default.
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• W2059660519 doi "https://doi.org/10.1016/0149-7634(80)90034-2" @default.
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