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• W2060774688 abstract "•Population genetics data offer insights with relevance for vector control programs. •Genetic data can help to devise control strategies to prevent reinvasion of target areas. •There are three (northern, southern, and western) genetically distinct clusters of Glossina fuscipes in Uganda. •There is apparent gene flow from southeast to northwest regions of Uganda. •Movement of flies from the southeast towards central Uganda may fuel new HAT foci. •The fly microbiome may influence parasite transmission traits. •Low-density infections with multiple Wolbachia strains are widely prevalent. •There is evidence for a high frequency of multiple matings in females. Uganda has both forms of human African trypanosomiasis (HAT): the chronic gambiense disease in the northwest and the acute rhodesiense disease in the south. The recent spread of rhodesiense into central Uganda has raised concerns given the different control strategies the two diseases require. We present knowledge on the population genetics of the major vector species Glossina fuscipes fuscipes in Uganda with a focus on population structure, measures of gene flow between populations, and the occurrence of polyandry. The microbiome composition and diversity is discussed, focusing on their potential role on trypanosome infection outcomes. We discuss the implications of these findings for large-scale tsetse control programs, including suppression or eradication, being undertaken in Uganda, and potential future genetic applications. Uganda has both forms of human African trypanosomiasis (HAT): the chronic gambiense disease in the northwest and the acute rhodesiense disease in the south. The recent spread of rhodesiense into central Uganda has raised concerns given the different control strategies the two diseases require. We present knowledge on the population genetics of the major vector species Glossina fuscipes fuscipes in Uganda with a focus on population structure, measures of gene flow between populations, and the occurrence of polyandry. The microbiome composition and diversity is discussed, focusing on their potential role on trypanosome infection outcomes. We discuss the implications of these findings for large-scale tsetse control programs, including suppression or eradication, being undertaken in Uganda, and potential future genetic applications. conspecific populations occurring in geographically distinct locations. R0 of an infection is the number of cases that one case generates on average over the course of its infectious period. a method to infer population structures without previous knowledge about the population. Various Bayesian approaches using neutral molecular markers have been proposed, which include using Markov chain Monte Carlo (MCMC) methods to infer population structures. The most commonly used is the program STRUCTURE, which can infer the assignment of individuals to populations or the admixture proportions of individuals for a given number of populations (K). Researchers have extended Bayesian algorithms for various purposes such as to take advantage of spatial information, estimate inbreeding coefficients, and infer K values. population bottlenecks occur when the size of a population is reduced for at least one generation. Undergoing a bottleneck can drastically reduce the genetic variation within a population, even if the bottleneck is brief in duration. a genetic grouping of individuals, from a single or several nearby sampling sites, that share a similar multilocus genotypic profile. a population genetic theory that traces all alleles of a gene shared by all members of a population to a single ancestral copy, known as the most recent common ancestor (MRCA). The relationships between alleles are represented as a gene genealogy, termed the coalescent. The point where two branches meet indicates a coalescent event. The time corresponding to how long ago the MRCA existed for a given gene genealogy is called the coalescent time. CI is a phenomenon that results in sperm and eggs being unable to form viable offspring. The effect arises from changes in the gamete cells caused by intracellular parasites, such as Wolbachia, which infect a wide range of insect species. the movement of an individual from its existing population. Ne is the size of an idealized population where all individuals contribute equally to successive generations with no changes over time. a measure of genetic differentiation due to genetic structure, a special case of Wright's F-statistics, and a common statistics in population genetics. It is estimated from genetic polymorphism data including microsatellite loci and SNPs. The values range from 0 to 1. A zero value implies complete panmixis (i.e., random mating among individuals), implying that the two populations are interbreeding. A value of 1.0 suggests that the two populations do not share any genetic diversity. transfer of alleles or genes from one population to another. a test to identify immigrant individuals that exhibit a strong signal of membership in a population other than the one in which they are sampled. Immigrants in this sense could be true immigrants or recent descendants of immigrants. a change in allele frequencies in a population owing to random finite sampling. both forces are at work in natural populations, but the degree in which they affect alleles varies according to the effective population size (Ne) because the effect of drift on allele frequencies per generation is larger in small populations. the examination of many genetic variants in multiple individuals to identify DNA regions associated with a trait. the process of determining the genotype of an individual for one or more loci. a geographic map that relates measurable environmental variables to the suitability of a site for a species. These maps are useful for planning disease monitoring and control, and for evaluating the impact of environmental changes. a group of similar haplotypes that share a common ancestor. a stretch of DNA sequences that tend to be inherited together. a visualization of the evolutionary relationships among DNA sequences. a control method similar to SIT but where methods that lead to biological sterility are used instead of chemical irradiation. One such potential biological method is the CI conferred by Wolbachia infections. a phenomenon that occurs when gene genealogies vary along the genome owing to differences in coalescent times. In particular, a gene genealogy may be different from the species phylogeny; because not all gene genealogies have become unique to each derived species, some genealogies may pre-date speciation. IBD describes a pattern of population genetic variation that derives from spatially limited gene flow. IBD is defined as a decrease in the genetic similarity among populations as the geographic distance between them increases. Statistical tests for IBD can be conducted using populations or individuals as the units of replication, although analyses at the individual level typically utilize spatial autocorrelation statistics. the study of the influence of biotic and abiotic landscape features on microevolutionary processes within and between populations. Differs from phylogeography because it is carried out in an explicit spatial framework. a group of spatially separated populations of the same species, which exchange migrants at different rates and may become locally extinct and recolonized. if populations are genetically diverse and stable for neutral genetic markers, this implies relatively large population sizes. If populations are not genetically stable, this might imply local extinction followed by recolonization from neighboring locations, or periodic size contractions followed by re-emergence from residual pockets. The term ‘sink-source’ is used to reflect these dynamics. In other words, the dynamics of any single population is dependent upon migration from neighboring populations as well as temporal changes within a single population, which might include local extinction and recolonization. a 2–6 bp repeat motif in a DNA stretch that varies in length between alleles. Their high variability, genome ubiquity, codominance, and biparental inheritance make them useful for population and individual level studies of both sexes. groups of related mtDNA sequences. The faster coalescence times of mtDNA than nuclear markers make them useful for shallow divergence studies. The maternal inheritance allows studying the evolutionary processes of female lineages. The comparison of biparental nuclear and uniparental mtDNA regions allows the study of sex-biased phenomena. a fly that carries a genetically modified symbiotic organism. The expression of products in the symbiotic bacteria can confer beneficial traits upon the paratransgenic fly, such as antiparasite properties. This mode of gene expression is an alternative approach to transgenic insects, where foreign genes are expressed in insect cells. the study of spatial distribution of genetic differences within and between populations of closely related species using a historical framework. a type of breeding adaptation in which one female mates with multiple males. SIT is a method of biological control, whereby overwhelming numbers of sterile male insects are released. The sterile males compete with the wild males for female insects. If a female mates with a sterile male then it will have no offspring, thus reducing the population in the next generation. Repeated release of insects can eventually eliminate a population, leading to eradication." @default.
• W2060774688 created "2016-06-24" @default.
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• W2060774688 date "2013-08-01" @default.
• W2060774688 modified "2023-10-17" @default.
• W2060774688 title "Glossina fuscipes populations provide insights for human African trypanosomiasis transmission in Uganda" @default.
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• W2060774688 doi "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pt.2013.06.005" @default.
• W2060774688 hasPubMedCentralId "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/3772539" @default.

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