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• W2060858021 abstract "Exposure to formaldehyde brings about small but readily detectable changes in the staining behaviour of collagen fibrils. These changes can be interpreted in chemical terms by comparing fibril staining patterns with artificial patterns computer-generated from sequence data. Positive staining with phosphotung-state (where heavy metal is confined to anions), shows that most of the lysyl and hydroxylysyl side-chains lose their charge character as a result of formaldehyde treatment and cease to take up staining ions. The charge character of arginyl (and probably histidyl) residues is unaltered and these residues continue to react with stain. Acidic residues are also unaffected. These results accord with biochemical evidence that the initial reaction between proteins and formaldehyde leading to subsequent cross-linking involves modification of ε-amino (and α-amino) groups. They show too that the secondary condensation producing the actual cross-link does not alter the charge character of the second group, at least when it is on an arginyl (or histidyl) side-chain. Formaldehyde-induced changes in stain deposition can also be detected after negative staining, although they are slight compared with those brought about by glutaraldehyde. Unlike glutaraldehyde, formaldehyde introduces no bulky polymeric adducts into the fibril structure, and the conspicuous stain-excluding bands seen in negative staining patterns following glutaraldehyde fixation are absent after exposure to formaldehyde. For this reason, where chemical fixation is used to stabilize macromolecules and supramolecular aggregates prior to negative staining and high resolution electron optical imaging, formaldehyde would seem to be preferable to glutaraldehyde. Data from fibril staining patterns and from thermal stability measurements (made on collagen gels) show that formaldehyde fixation does not preclude a subsequent reaction with glutaraldehyde. As with other fixatives, there is reduced accessibility to stain after formaldehyde treatment. Accessibility is least in the overlap zone where the denser packing of collagen molecules provides greater opportunities for intermolecular cross-linking. Gel electrophoresis confirms that formaldehyde-induced cross-links in fibrils are predominantly intermolecular." @default.
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• W2060858021 date "1988-01-01" @default.
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• W2060858021 title "A study of staining for electron microscopy using collagen as a model system—VII. The effect of formaldehyde fixation" @default.
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• W2060858021 doi "https://doi.org/10.1016/0739-6260(88)90013-5" @default.
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