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• W2061064073 abstract "Matriptase, a trypsin-like serine protease with two potential regulatory modules (low density lipoprotein receptor and complement C1r/s domains), was initially purified from T-47D breast cancer cells. Given its plasma membrane localization, extracellular matrix-degrading activity, and expression by breast cancer cells, this protease may be involved in multiple aspects of breast tumor progression, including cancer invasion. In breast cancer cells, matriptase was detected mainly as an uncomplexed form; however, low levels of matriptase were detected in complexes. In striking contrast, only the complexed matriptase was detected in human milk. The complexed matriptase has now been purified. Amino acid sequences obtained from the matriptase-associated proteins reveal that they are fragments of a Kunitz-type serine protease inhibitor that was previously reported to be an inhibitor of the hepatocyte growth factor activator. In addition, matriptase and its complexes were detected in milk-derived, SV40 T-antigen-immortalized mammary luminal epithelial cell lines, but not in human foreskin fibroblasts or in HT-1080 fibrosarcoma cells. These results suggest that the milk-derived matriptase complexes are likely to be produced by the epithelial components of the lactating mammary gland in vivo and that the activity and function of matriptase may be differentially regulated by its cognate inhibitor, comparing breast cancer with the lactating mammary gland. Matriptase, a trypsin-like serine protease with two potential regulatory modules (low density lipoprotein receptor and complement C1r/s domains), was initially purified from T-47D breast cancer cells. Given its plasma membrane localization, extracellular matrix-degrading activity, and expression by breast cancer cells, this protease may be involved in multiple aspects of breast tumor progression, including cancer invasion. In breast cancer cells, matriptase was detected mainly as an uncomplexed form; however, low levels of matriptase were detected in complexes. In striking contrast, only the complexed matriptase was detected in human milk. The complexed matriptase has now been purified. Amino acid sequences obtained from the matriptase-associated proteins reveal that they are fragments of a Kunitz-type serine protease inhibitor that was previously reported to be an inhibitor of the hepatocyte growth factor activator. In addition, matriptase and its complexes were detected in milk-derived, SV40 T-antigen-immortalized mammary luminal epithelial cell lines, but not in human foreskin fibroblasts or in HT-1080 fibrosarcoma cells. These results suggest that the milk-derived matriptase complexes are likely to be produced by the epithelial components of the lactating mammary gland in vivo and that the activity and function of matriptase may be differentially regulated by its cognate inhibitor, comparing breast cancer with the lactating mammary gland. Matriptase is a trypsin-like serine protease with two regulatory modules: two tandem repeats of the complement subcomponent C1r/s domain and four tandem repeats of the low density lipoprotein receptor domain (1Lin C.-Y. Anders J. Johnson M. Sang Q.A. Dickson R.B. J. Biol. Chem. 1999; 274: 18231-18236Abstract Full Text Full Text PDF PubMed Scopus (192) Google Scholar). Matriptase was initially identified from T-47D human breast cancer cells as a major gelatinolytic activity on a gelatin zymogram, with a migration rate between those of gelatinase A (72 kDa; MMP-2) and gelatinase B (92 kDa; MMP-9) (2Shi Y.E. Torri J. Yieh L. Wellstein A. Lippman M.E. Dickson R.B. Cancer Res. 1993; 53: 1409-1415PubMed Google Scholar); it has been proposed to play a role in breast cancer invasion (3Lin C.-Y. Wang J.K. Torri J. Dou L. Sang Q.A. Dickson R.B. J. Biol. Chem. 1997; 272: 9147-9152Abstract Full Text Full Text PDF PubMed Scopus (120) Google Scholar). The primary cleavage specificity of matriptase was identified to be arginine and lysine residues, similar to the majority of serine proteases, including trypsin and plasmin. In addition, matriptase, as does trypsin, exhibits broad spectrum cleavage activity, and such activity is likely to contribute to its gelatinolytic activity on a gelatin zymogram. HAI-1 (hepatocyte growth factor activatorinhibitor-1) (4Shimomura T. Denda K. Kitamura A. Kawaguchi T. Kito M. Kondo J. Kagaya S. Qin L. Takata H. Miyazawa K. Kitamura N. J. Biol. Chem. 1997; 272: 6370-6376Abstract Full Text Full Text PDF PubMed Scopus (240) Google Scholar) is a Kunitz-type serine protease inhibitor that is able to inhibit the hepatocyte growth factor (HGF) 1The abbreviations used are: HGF, hepatocyte growth factor; mAb, monoclonal antibody; PAGE, polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis; MALDI-MS, matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization mass spectrometry.activator, a blood coagulation factor XII-like serine protease (5Miyazawa K. Shimomura T. Kitamura A. Kondo J. Morimoto Y. Kitamura N. J. Biol. Chem. 1993; 268: 10024-10028Abstract Full Text PDF PubMed Google Scholar). The mature form of this protease inhibitor has 478 amino acid residues, with a calculated molecular mass of 53,319 Da. A putative transmembrane domain is located at its carboxyl terminus. HAI-1 contains two Kunitz domains (domain I spans residues 246–306, and domain II spans residues 371–431) separated by a low density lipoprotein receptor domain (residues 315–360). The presumed P1 residue of the active-site cleft is likely to be arginine 260 in Kunitz domain I and lysine 385 in domain II by alignment with bovine pancreatic trypsin inhibitor (aprotinin) and with other Kunitz-type inhibitors (6Girard T.J. Warren L.A. Novotny W.F. Likert K.M. Brown S.G. Miletich J.P. Broze G.J.J. Nature. 1989; 338: 518-520Crossref PubMed Scopus (431) Google Scholar, 7Kramer K.K. Duffy J.Y. Klemann S.W. Bixby J.A. Low B.G. Pope W.F. Roberts R.M. J. Biol. Chem. 1994; 269: 7255-7261Abstract Full Text PDF PubMed Google Scholar, 8Wlodawer A. Walter J. Huber R. Sjolin L. J. Mol. Biol. 1984; 180: 301-329Crossref PubMed Scopus (456) Google Scholar). Thus, HAI-1 has specificity against trypsin-type proteases. Although the HGF activator is exclusively expressed by liver cells, HAI-1 was originally purified from the conditioned medium of carcinoma cells as a 40-kDa fragment doublet, rather than the proposed mature, membrane-bound 53-kDa form (4Shimomura T. Denda K. Kitamura A. Kawaguchi T. Kito M. Kondo J. Kagaya S. Qin L. Takata H. Miyazawa K. Kitamura N. J. Biol. Chem. 1997; 272: 6370-6376Abstract Full Text Full Text PDF PubMed Scopus (240) Google Scholar). The protein inhibitors of serine proteases can be classified into at least 10 families, according to various schemes (9Laskowski Jr., M. Kato I. Annu. Rev. Biochem. 1980; 49: 593-626Crossref PubMed Scopus (1948) Google Scholar). Among them, serpins such as maspin (10Sheng S. Carey J. Seftor E.A. Dias L. Hendrix M.J. Sager R. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A. 1996; 93: 11669-11674Crossref PubMed Scopus (328) Google Scholar) and Kunitz-type inhibitors such as urinary trypsin inhibitor (11Kobayashi H. Shinohara H. Takeuchi K. Itoh M. Fujie M. Saitoh M. Terao T. Cancer Res. 1994; 54: 844-849PubMed Google Scholar) have been previously implicated in suppression of cancer invasion. The Kunitz-type inhibitors form very tight, but reversible complexes with their target serine proteases. The reactive sites of these inhibitors are rigid and can simulate optimal protease substrates (12Bode W. Huber R. Eur. J. Biochem. 1992; 204: 433-451Crossref PubMed Scopus (1009) Google Scholar). The interaction between a serine protease and a Kunitz-type inhibitor depends on complementary large surface areas of contact between the protease and inhibitor. The inhibitory activity of the recovered Kunitz-type inhibitor from protease complexes can always be reconstituted. The Kunitz-type inhibitors may be cleaved by cognate proteases, but such cleavage is not essential for their inhibitory activity. In this study, to begin to investigate the role of matriptase under physiological conditions such as differentiation and lactation, we studied its expression in human milk. We found that milk-derived matriptase strongly interacts with fragments of HAI-1 to form complexes. Four milk-derived, immortalized mammary luminal epithelial cell lines (MTSV-1.1B, MTSV-1.7, MRSV-4.1, and MRSV-4.2) were a gift from Dr. J. Taylor-Papadimitriou (Imperial Cancer Research Fund, London) (13Bartek J. Bartkova J. Kyprianou N. Lalani E.N. Staskova Z. Shearer M. Chang S. Taylor-Papadimitriou J. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A. 1991; 88: 3520-3524Crossref PubMed Scopus (143) Google Scholar) and were maintained in modified Iscove's minimal essential medium (Biofluids, Inc., Rockville, MD) supplemented with 10% fetal calf serum (Life Technologies, Inc.), 10 μg/ml bovine insulin, 5 μg/ml hydrocortisone (Sigma), and antibiotics. Human foreskin fibroblasts and the fibrosarcoma cell line HT-1080 (from American Type Culture Collection) were maintained in modified Iscove's minimal essential medium supplemented with 10% fetal calf serum. To collect cell-conditioned medium, monolayers of these cells at confluency were washed twice with phosphate-buffered saline and were cultured for 2 days in the absence of the serum in modified Iscove's minimal essential medium supplemented with insulin/transferrin/selenium (Biofluids, Inc.). To isolate matriptase-related proteases, 1.5 liters of frozen human milk from the Georgetown University Medical Center Milk Bank were thawed and centrifuged to remove the milk fat and insoluble debris. Ammonium sulfate powder was added to the milk with continuous mixing to 40% saturation and allowed to precipitate in a cold room for at least 2 h. Protein precipitates were obtained by centrifugation at 5000 ×g for 20 min. The pellets were saved, and the supernatant was further precipitated by addition of ammonium sulfate powder to 60% saturation. The protein pellets were dissolved in water and then dialyzed against 20 mm Tris-HCl, pH 8.0, for DEAE chromatography or against 10 mm phosphate buffer, pH 6.0, for CM chromatography. Insoluble debris was cleared by centrifugation, and the supernatant was divided into five batches; each batch was loaded onto a DEAE-Sepharose FF column (2.5 × 20 cm; Amersham Pharmacia Biotech) equilibrated with 20 mm Tris-HCl, pH 8.0. The column was washed with 10 column volumes of the equilibration buffer. Bound material was eluted with a linear gradient of 0–1m NaCl in DEAE equilibration buffer with a total volume of 500 ml. Fractions (14 ml) were collected and assessed by immunoblotting using mAb 21-9. To perform CM chromatography, the 95-kDa fraction from DEAE chromatography or the precipitate derived directly from ammonium sulfate precipitation was dialyzed against 10 mm phosphate buffer, pH 6.0. Insoluble debris was cleared by centrifugation, and the supernatant was loaded onto a CM-Sepharose FF column (2.5 × 20 cm; Amersham Pharmacia Biotech) equilibrated with 10 mmphosphate buffer, pH 6.0. The column was washed with 10 column volumes of the equilibration buffer. Bound material was eluted with a linear gradient of 0–0.5 m NaCl in 10 mm phosphate buffer, pH 6.0, with a total volume of 500 ml. Fractions (14 ml) were assessed by immunoblotting using mAb 21-9. Preparation of an immunoaffinity column by coupling mAb 21-9 to Sepharose 4B (5 mg of IgG/ml of beads) was performed using CNBr-activated Sepharose 4B as described previously (3Lin C.-Y. Wang J.K. Torri J. Dou L. Sang Q.A. Dickson R.B. J. Biol. Chem. 1997; 272: 9147-9152Abstract Full Text Full Text PDF PubMed Scopus (120) Google Scholar). Partially purified 95-kDa matriptase complex from DEAE or CM chromatography was loaded onto a 1-ml column at a flow rate of 7 ml/h. The column was washed with 1% Triton X-100 in phosphate-buffered saline. Bound protease was then eluted using 0.1m glycine HCl, pH 2.4. Fractions were immediately neutralized using 2 m Trizma (Tris base). Two 6-week-old female BALB/c mice were immunized with matriptase complexes (10 μg/dose) at intervals of 2 weeks. Complete Freund's adjuvant was used for the initial immunizations, whereas incomplete adjuvant was used for boosts. Three days after the second boost, antiserum was collected from the tail vein, and the immunoresponse was determined by immunoblotting. The final boost was conducted with the matriptase complex in the absence of adjuvant by tail vein injection. The splenocytes were collected and fused with mouse myoloma cells (SP2 or NS1) by polyethylene glycol methodology, and the successful hybridoma cells were selected by HAT medium (14Kilmartin J.V. Wright B. Milstein C. J. Cell Biol. 1982; 93: 576-582Crossref PubMed Scopus (639) Google Scholar). The primary screening was carried out by Western blotting using the targets that contain a mixture of intact 95-kDa matriptase complex, dissociated matriptase, and the binding proteins. More than 100 positive clones were selected in the primary screening. Three anti-matriptase mAbs (M32, M92, and M84) and two anti-binding protein mAbs (M19 and M58) were selected and characterized in detail. To produce mAbs, hybridoma lines were gradually adapted to low serum-supplemented culture medium and then to protein-free hybridoma medium (Life Technologies, Inc.). mAbs were harvested and precipitated by 50% saturation of ammonium sulfate. Further purification was carried out by DEAE chromatography. Immunoblotting was conducted as described previously (3Lin C.-Y. Wang J.K. Torri J. Dou L. Sang Q.A. Dickson R.B. J. Biol. Chem. 1997; 272: 9147-9152Abstract Full Text Full Text PDF PubMed Scopus (120) Google Scholar). Proteins were separated by 10% SDS-PAGE, transferred to polyvinylidene fluoride membrane, and probed with mAbs as specified. Immunoreactive polypeptides were visualized using peroxidase-labeled secondary antibody and the ECL detection system (Amersham Pharmacia Biotech). The 95-kDa matriptase complex preparation was resolved by SDS-PAGE under nonboiling conditions. The gel strip was sliced out, boiled in 1× SDS sample buffer, placed on an SDS-acrylamide gel without wells, and electrophoresed under the same conditions as the first dimension gel. Protein bands were stained by colloidal Coomassie (15Neuhoff V. Arold N. Taube D. Ehrhardt W. Electrophoresis. 1988; 9: 255-262Crossref PubMed Scopus (2355) Google Scholar) due to the negative image observed with silver stain. The 40- and 25-kDa binding proteins were purified as described above. The amino-terminal sequences of these proteins were determined as described previously (16Matsudaira P. J. Biol. Chem. 1987; 262: 10035-10038Abstract Full Text PDF PubMed Google Scholar). Twelve (from the 40-kDa protein) and seven (from the 25-kDa protein) amino acid residues obtained were identical to the deduced amino acid sequences of HAI-1 (4Shimomura T. Denda K. Kitamura A. Kawaguchi T. Kito M. Kondo J. Kagaya S. Qin L. Takata H. Miyazawa K. Kitamura N. J. Biol. Chem. 1997; 272: 6370-6376Abstract Full Text Full Text PDF PubMed Scopus (240) Google Scholar). To further confirm the identity of the binding protein as HAI-1, the larger band from the 40-kDa protein doublet was subjected to in-gel digestion and then to analysis by matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization mass spectrometry (MALDI-MS) at the Howard Hughes Medical Institute Biopolymer Laboratory and W. M. Keck Foundation Biotechnology Resource Laboratory at Yale University. To verify that HAI-1 encodes the binding protein of matriptase, we isolated an HAI-1 cDNA fragment by reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction utilizing mRNA from MTSV-1.1B immortalized human mammary luminal epithelial cells. Primer sequences for HAI-1 (5′-GGCCCGCGCTCTGAAGGTGA-3′ and 5′-TTGGCAAGCAGGAAGCAGGG-3′) were derived from the published sequence. Standard reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction was carried out using the Advantage RT-PCR kit (CLONTECH), and the product was ligated into pCR2.1 (Invitrogen, Carlsbad, CA) by TA cloning. The sequence of the reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction product was obtained by standard methods and confirmed with the published HAI-1 sequence (5Miyazawa K. Shimomura T. Kitamura A. Kondo J. Morimoto Y. Kitamura N. J. Biol. Chem. 1993; 268: 10024-10028Abstract Full Text PDF PubMed Google Scholar). A eukaryotic expression vector was constructed (pcDNA/HAI-1) utilizing the commercially available pcDNA3.1 vector (Invitrogen). A 1.6-kilobase pair EcoRI fragment containing the HAI-1 cDNA was cloned into the EcoRI site of pcDNA3.1. This construct contains the open reading frame of HAI-1 driven by a cytomegalovirus promoter. Correct insertion of the HAI-1 cDNA was verified by restriction mapping. Transfections were performed using SuperFect transfection reagent (QIAGEN Inc., Valencia, CA) as specified in manufacturer's handbook. After 48 h, the HAI-1-transfected COS-7 cells were extracted with 1% Triton X-100 in 20 mm Tris-HCl, pH 7.4. In our previous study (3Lin C.-Y. Wang J.K. Torri J. Dou L. Sang Q.A. Dickson R.B. J. Biol. Chem. 1997; 272: 9147-9152Abstract Full Text Full Text PDF PubMed Scopus (120) Google Scholar), matriptase was observed to exist either in a major uncomplexed form or in two minor complexed forms with apparent molecular masses of 110 and 95 kDa. The matriptase-binding protein(s) was not identified. To identify these binding protein(s), we now have examined the matriptase complexes found in human milk. Our hypothesis has been that the binding protein is a protease inhibitor and that its expression may be associated with a specific physiological status such as differentiation or lactation. In human milk, two immunoreactive bands of 95 and 110 kDa in size (but no uncomplexed matriptase) were detected by anti-matriptase mAb 21-9 under nonboiling and nonreducing conditions (Fig. 1). The 95-kDa band was the predominant species; the relative amount of the minor 110-kDa band varied between different batches of milk (Fig. 1, A andB). In common with a 95-kDa immunoreactive matriptase complex previously identified in human breast cancer cells (3Lin C.-Y. Wang J.K. Torri J. Dou L. Sang Q.A. Dickson R.B. J. Biol. Chem. 1997; 272: 9147-9152Abstract Full Text Full Text PDF PubMed Scopus (120) Google Scholar), the milk-derived 95-kDa immunoreactive species was converted, after boiling in the absence of reducing agents, to a smaller immunoreactive band. This band corresponds in size to the previously described uncomplexed matriptase from breast cancer (Fig. 1 C). Thus, matriptase appears to be a component of the 95-kDa complex, both in breast cancer cells and in milk. Although most of the matriptase detected in breast cancer cells is uncomplexed; the opposite is true in milk. Most of the minor 110-kDa immunoreactive polypeptide in milk was precipitated by a 40% saturation of ammonium sulfate; this band was then separated from the major 95-kDa matriptase complex by DEAE chromatography (Fig. 1 A). In contrast to the 95-kDa matriptase complex, the milk-derived 110-kDa immunoreactive polypeptide had a reduced rate of migration on an SDS-polyacrylamide gel after boiling (Fig. 1 C). These results suggest that this milk-derived 110-kDa immunoreactive polypeptide is not likely to be a protease complex. Alternatively, this milk-derived 110-kDa immunoreactive polypeptide is likely to be a serpin complex, which is known to be stable in SDS. In contrast, the 110-kDa species from breast cancer cells was converted by boiling into matriptase and another unidentified species (3Lin C.-Y. Wang J.K. Torri J. Dou L. Sang Q.A. Dickson R.B. J. Biol. Chem. 1997; 272: 9147-9152Abstract Full Text Full Text PDF PubMed Scopus (120) Google Scholar). This milk-derived 110-kDa species was thus distinct from the 110-kDa matriptase complex previously isolated from T-47D breast cancer cells. The milk-derived 95-kDa matriptase complex has been isolated using an anti-matriptase mAb-21-9 immunoaffinity column. This highly purified 95-kDa matriptase complex can be converted to matriptase, after boiling, in conjunction with the appearance of a protein doublet with an apparent molecular mass of 40 kDa (1Lin C.-Y. Anders J. Johnson M. Sang Q.A. Dickson R.B. J. Biol. Chem. 1999; 274: 18231-18236Abstract Full Text Full Text PDF PubMed Scopus (192) Google Scholar). In some batches of milk, another protease complex doublet, with an apparent molecular mass of 85 kDa, was also observed, in addition to the 95-kDa complex (Fig.2, lane 1). Both 95- and 85-kDa matriptase complexes released matriptase after boiling. In addition to matriptase, 40- and 25-kDa protein bands were observed (Fig. 2, lane 2). Biochemical and immunological approaches have been taken to prove that the 40- and 25-kDa bands are components of matriptase complexes. In our biochemical approach, a 95-kDa matriptase complex preparation, which also contains low levels of uncomplexed matriptase, was subjected to nonboiling/boiling diagonal gel electrophoresis. In this gel electrophoresis system, proteins whose migration rate on an SDS-polyacrylamide gel are not changed by boiling will be seen on the diagonal line. In contrast, heat-sensitive complexes will be dissociated into their constituent subunits and will be seen on the same electrophoretic path below the diagonal line. Proteins whose configuration is changed by boiling, resulting in a lower migration rate, will be seen beyond the diagonal line. The sample was first resolved by SDS-PAGE, and a strip of gel was sliced off. The sliced gel strip was boiled in 1× SDS sample buffer in the absence of reducing agents, placed on a second SDS-polyacrylamide gel, and electrophoresed (Fig. 3). In the case of the 95-kDa matriptase complex, both the 40-kDa protein doublet and matriptase were observed below the diagonal line and on the same electrophoretic path (Fig. 3). This result thus confirms that matriptase and the 40-kDa doublet are components of the 95-kDa protease complex. On the other hand, uncomplexed matriptase was seen on the diagonal line (Fig.3). In our immunological approach, a panel of mAbs was obtained using matriptase complexes as immunogens (Fig.4). A new anti-matriptase mAb (M92) recognized both 95- and 85-kDa complexes under nonboiling conditions (Fig. 4 A, lane 5); this mAb recognized uncomplexed matriptase, but not the 40- and 25-kDa bands, after boiling (lane 6). These results suggest that matriptase is a component of these two complexes. In contrast to mAb M92, mAb M19 recognized both 40- and 25-kDa bands, but not matriptase, under boiling conditions (Fig. 4 A, lane 4). This mAb also recognized both 95- and 85-kDa complexes under nonboiling conditions (Fig. 4 A, lane 3). These results suggest that both 40- and 25-kDa bands are components of these matriptase complexes. A third antibody type, mAb M58, was also selected. This mAb selectively recognized only the 95-kDa matriptase complex (not the 85-kDa complex) under nonboiling conditions (Fig. 4 A, lane 1). Furthermore, mAb M58 recognized only the 40-kDa band (not the 25-kDa band) after boiling (Fig. 4 A,lane 2). Both 40- and 25-kDa bands are fragments of a Kunitz-type serine protease inhibitor; the 25-kDa band is a carboxyl-terminal degraded product of the 40-kDa band (see below). Thus, the epitope that is recognized by mAb M58 is likely to reside on the amino terminus of the 40-kDa band. These results, combined with the results in Fig. 2, suggest that the 95-kDa matriptase complex is composed of matriptase and the 40-kDa component; the 85-kDa matriptase complex is composed of matriptase and the 25-kDa component. In Fig.4 B, we summarize the structures of both 95- and 85-kDa matriptase complexes and their interactions with these mAbs. When the amino-terminal sequences of the 40- and 25-kDa binding proteins were determined, the sequence of the 40-kDa binding protein (GPPPAPPGLPAG) was found to be identical to the amino-terminal sequence of a Kunitz-type serine protease inhibitor (4Shimomura T. Denda K. Kitamura A. Kawaguchi T. Kito M. Kondo J. Kagaya S. Qin L. Takata H. Miyazawa K. Kitamura N. J. Biol. Chem. 1997; 272: 6370-6376Abstract Full Text Full Text PDF PubMed Scopus (240) Google Scholar), which was previously identified as HAI-1 (4Shimomura T. Denda K. Kitamura A. Kawaguchi T. Kito M. Kondo J. Kagaya S. Qin L. Takata H. Miyazawa K. Kitamura N. J. Biol. Chem. 1997; 272: 6370-6376Abstract Full Text Full Text PDF PubMed Scopus (240) Google Scholar). The amino acid residues (TQGFGGS) obtained from the N terminus of the 25-kDa binding protein are identical to the sequence from residues 154 to 160 of HAI-1 (4Shimomura T. Denda K. Kitamura A. Kawaguchi T. Kito M. Kondo J. Kagaya S. Qin L. Takata H. Miyazawa K. Kitamura N. J. Biol. Chem. 1997; 272: 6370-6376Abstract Full Text Full Text PDF PubMed Scopus (240) Google Scholar). To further confirm that the binding proteins of matriptase are identifiable as HAI-1, the larger band from the 40-kDa doublet was subjected to in-gel trypsin digestion; the tryptic digests were examined by MALDI-MS. Twelve unique peptides from the tryptic digests were matched with the HAI-1 sequences by searching the entire HAI-1 sequence for observed MALDI-MS masses (Fig.5). These 12 peptides cover 87 residues that span positions 135–310. These results indicate that the binding proteins of matriptase are fragments of HAI-1. We further examined the immunoreactivity of an anti-binding protein mAb with HAI-1 that was expressed by HAI-1-transfected COS-7 cells (Fig.6). Anti-binding protein mAb M19 detected a band with an apparent size of 55 kDa in the cell lysate of HAI-1-transfected COS-7 cells (Fig. 6, lane 2) and in the 2 m KCl-washed membrane fraction of T-47D human breast cancer cells (lane 4), but not in the COS-7 cells (lane 3) or in matriptase-transfected COS-7 cells (lane 1). The immunoreactivity of the anti-binding protein mAb for HAI-1 provides a second line of evidence that the binding protein of matriptase is HAI-1. Because the size of the immunoreactive 55-kDa band is close to the calculated molecular mass (53,319 Da) of mature membrane-bound HAI-1 and because its association with the membrane fraction is sufficiently strong that it resists dissociation by washing with 2 m KCl, this 55-kDa band is considered likely to be mature intact HAI-1. To investigate the possible cell types that release matriptase and its complexes, we examined their expression in four milk-derived, SV40 large tumor antigen-immortalized luminal epithelial cell lines (milk cells) (13Bartek J. Bartkova J. Kyprianou N. Lalani E.N. Staskova Z. Shearer M. Chang S. Taylor-Papadimitriou J. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A. 1991; 88: 3520-3524Crossref PubMed Scopus (143) Google Scholar), two cultured human foreskin fibroblast cultures, and the fibrosarcoma cell line HT-1080 (Fig.7). Positive results for the mammary luminal epithelial cells (Fig. 7, lanes 4–11) and negative results for the fibroblasts and HT-1080 fibrosarcoma cells (lanes 1–3) suggest that the protease and its binding protein are produced by the epithelial components of the lactating mammary gland. In contrast to milk, the immortalized mammary luminal epithelial cells expressed detectable uncomplexed matriptase and a 110-kDa complex. This 110-kDa complex species was not detected in milk, but was detected in T-47D breast cancer cells (3Lin C.-Y. Wang J.K. Torri J. Dou L. Sang Q.A. Dickson R.B. J. Biol. Chem. 1997; 272: 9147-9152Abstract Full Text Full Text PDF PubMed Scopus (120) Google Scholar). Although matriptase has been previously purified from breast cancer cells (3Lin C.-Y. Wang J.K. Torri J. Dou L. Sang Q.A. Dickson R.B. J. Biol. Chem. 1997; 272: 9147-9152Abstract Full Text Full Text PDF PubMed Scopus (120) Google Scholar), we now report on its expression in the normal lactating mammary gland and in immortalized mammary luminal epithelial cells. Expression of matriptase in the lactating mammary gland is, however, characterized by its strong association with HAI-1 fragments to form complexes that were previously identified as minor forms of matriptase in cultured breast cancer cells. Expression of matriptase in milk in its complexed form with a protease inhibitor suggests that the activity of matriptase is highly regulated in the lactating mammary gland. Because the P1 residues of both Kunitz domains of HAI-1 are likely to be arginine 260 and lysine 385, HAI-1 is likely to be an inhibitor directed against trypsin-like serine proteases. The trypsin-like activity of matriptase was previously confirmed by its cleavage activity against various synthetic substrates with arginine and lysine as P1 sites and by Asp positioned at the bottom of its substrate specificity pocket. Thus, HAI-1 is not only a matriptase-binding protein, but also a potential inhibitor of matriptase. However, because HAI-1 is a Kunitz-type protease inhibitor that exhibits its inhibitory activity in a competitive and reversible manner, residual activity of matriptase was consistently observed in association with matriptase·HAI-1 complexes. This residual activity was detected both as gelatinolytic activity and cleavage activity against synthetic substrates. This residual activity may also contribute to the cleavage of a 40-kDa fragment of HAI-1 at Arg-153 in the process of purification, resulting in the 25-kDa fragment of HAI-1 and the 85-kDa matriptase complex in some purified batches. Although HAI-1 was originally identified as an inhibitor of the HGF activator, it is possible that matriptase is an in vivotarget protease of this Kunitz-type inhibitor, at least in the mammary gland. Both matriptase and HAI-1 are colocalized on the surfaces of T-47D cells 2C.-Y. Lin, J. Anders, M. Johnson, and R. B. Dickson, unpublished results.; they are coexpressed by four different immortalized mammary luminal epithelial cell lines; and they are copurified from human milk as complexes. Activation of HGF requires cleavage at an arginine residue as the P1 site by a protease such as the HGF activator or urokinase-type plasminogen activator (17Naldini L. Vigna E. Bardelli A. Follenzi A. Galimi F. Comoglio P.M. J. Biol. Chem. 1995; 270: 603-611Abstract Full Text Full Text PDF PubMed Scopus (234) Google Scholar); the putative P1 arginine residue in Kunitz domain I of HAI-1 makes the HGF activator a possible target. However, the HGF activator, a serine protease, is produced mainly in the liver and circulates in the blood as an inactive zymogen (5Miyazawa K. Shimomura T. Kitamura A. Kondo J. Morimoto Y. Kitamura N. J. Biol. Chem. 1993; 268: 10024-10028Abstract Full Text PDF PubMed Google Scholar). HAI-1 is expressed mainly in the kidney, pancreas, prostate, small intestine, colon, fetal lung, and fetal kidney; but negligible expression of HAI-1 was observed in adult and fetal liver (4Shimomura T. Denda K. Kitamura A. Kawaguchi T. Kito M. Kondo J. Kagaya S. Qin L. Takata H. Miyazawa K. Kitamura N. J. Biol. Chem. 1997; 272: 6370-6376Abstract Full Text Full Text PDF PubMed Scopus (240) Google Scholar). Furthermore, HAI-1 activity is detected in some lung and stomach carcinoma cell lines, but it is negligible in hepatoma cell lines and in immortalized cells from human fetal liver. Therefore, it is not clear that HAI-1 is an in vivo inhibitor for the HGF activator, particularly since HAI-1 is expressed at negligible levels in the lung and liver, where highly regulated activity of HGF is thought to play a crucial role in repair following injury (18Miyazawa K. Shimomura T. Naka D. Kitamura N. J. Biol. Chem. 1994; 269: 8966-8970Abstract Full Text PDF PubMed Google Scholar, 19Miyazawa K. Shimomura T. Kitamura N. J. Biol. Chem. 1996; 271: 3615-3618Abstract Full Text Full Text PDF PubMed Scopus (202) Google Scholar). In summary, in this study, we have provided evidence that the previously described breast cancer cell-derived matriptase is also produced by the lactating mammary gland. In milk, however, the protease tightly associates with a 40-kDa fragment of a Kunitz-type protease inhibitor, forming a 95-kDa protease complex. The formation of a protease complex appears to be selective for lactating mammary epithelial cells; increased levels of uncomplexed protease are associated with epithelial immortalization and, in particular, with breast tumorigenesis. Study of the activity of this plasma membrane-associated protease and its potential regulation by complexation with the Kunitz-type inhibitor could provide insight into how cancer cells utilize a physiological protease for multiple malignant processes such as invasion and metastasis. We thank the Georgetown University Medical Center Milk Bank for collection of human milk. We also thank Dr. Henry Yang for automated DNA sequencing performed at the Lombardi Cancer Center Macromolecular Synthesis and Sequencing Shared Resource. In addition, we thank the Lombardi Cancer Center Tissue Culture Resource." @default.
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• W2061064073 title "Purification and Characterization of a Complex Containing Matriptase and a Kunitz-type Serine Protease Inhibitor from Human Milk" @default.
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