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• W2061296296 abstract "Marmots are the largest ground squirrels and have been extensively studied by sociobiologists investigating the evolution of mammal societies. Being a member of the sciurid clade, traditionally considered inclined to convergence, they are also a group on which to test the hypothesis of sciurid propensity to homoplasy of osteological characters. In the present analysis, the dorsal and lateral surfaces of the cranium of all living marmot species are compared with geometric morphometric techniques. Phenetic groups are found which reflect the subgeneric classification of marmots and are consistent with previous morphometric analyses of the mandible and ventral cranium. Two species have distinctive morphologies and phenetic relationships not congruent with phylogeny. Marmota vancouverensis is highly divergent for osteological characters, fur colour and behaviour despite its young age and close genetic similarity to Marmota caligata. Its small population may represent a rare chance to study evolutionary processes during rapid allopatric speciation in mammals, but strong conservation efforts are required to preserve this unique component of the Vancouver Island biodiversity. Also, Marmota monax has distinctive cranial traits. These are possibly related to its long separate evolutionary history and unique ecology and behaviour. Size-related convergence is not evident in Marmota. When outgroup species are included, Spermophilus, Cynomys, Tamias, and Sciurus group together on one branch, Marmota on the other. This is best explained as a retention of the ancestral morphology in the smaller members of the Marmotini (Spermophilus, Cynomys, and Tamias) and the evolution of derived morphology in Marmota. Le marmotte sono i piú grandi sciuridi viventi e sono state intensamente studiate dai sociobiologi nel tentativo di comprendere le dinamiche evolutive delle societá mammaliane. Questa linea di scoiattoli terricoli rappresenta, inoltre, un ambito per la verifica dell'ipotesi di propensione all'omoplasia nella forma delle ossa degli sciuridi. Nella presente indagine, le superifici dorsale e laterale del cranio di tutte le specie viventi di marmotte sono state analizzate e confrontate servendosi di tecniche di morfometria geometrica. I raggruppamenti fenetici scoperti rispecchiano la classificazione in sottogeneri delle marmotte e sono congruenti con i risultati di precedenti studi sulla morfologia della mandibola e del lato ventrale del cranio. Due specie, tuttavia, hanno caratteristiche peculiari e le loro relazioni fenetiche con gli altri membri del genere non-riflettono i rapporti filogenetici. Marmota vancouverensis, a dispetto della recente origine evolutiva e della somiglianza genetica con M. caligata, possiede caratteri osteologici fortemente divergenti, oltre a tratti del comportamento e colore della mantello unici tra le marmotte. La piccola popolazione di M. vancouverensis potrebbe rappresentare una rara opportunitá di indagare i meccanismi evolutivi dei processi di speciazione rapida in allopatria. La sopravvivenza di questa componente unica della biodiversitá dell'isola di Vancouver dipenderá, tuttavia, da un'efficace e duratura politica conservazionista. Anche Marmota monax presenta caratteri craniometrici peculiari parallelamente ad aspetti singolari della sua ecologia ed etologia, ma, diversamente da M. vancouverensis, ha alle spalle una lunga storia evolutiva. Le marmotte non-sembrano, invece, caratterizzate da forme convergenti in specie di taglia simile. I rappresentanti dei generi Spermophilus, Cynomys, Tamias e Sciurus, adoperati come outgroup, si raggruppano insieme, ben separati dalle marmotte. Questo si puó spiegare con la conservazione di caratteri plesiomorfici nei membri di piccola taglia dei Marmotini (Spermophilus, Cynomys, and Tamias) e con l'evoluzione di tratti autoapomorfici nelle ben piú grosse marmotte." @default.
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• W2061296296 date "2005-08-01" @default.
• W2061296296 modified "2023-09-26" @default.
• W2061296296 title "Morphological evolution in marmots (Rodentia, Sciuridae): size and shape of the dorsal and lateral surfaces of the cranium" @default.
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• W2061296296 doi "https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1439-0469.2005.00316.x" @default.
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