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- W2062007261 abstract "Diane Proudfoot's review ( Science 's Compass, 30 Apr., p. [745][1]) of my book The Age of Spiritual Machines (Viking, New York, 1999) ignores its salient arguments and instead mires the reader in obscure and misleading factual objections. For example, she says that Univac was installed in April 1951, and “not in 1950 as Kurzweil claims.” Actually, I made no such claim, but correctly stated that Univac was developed during 1950. Later (p. [320][2]), I cited 1951 as Univac's installation date. And Univac was installed in March, not April, 1951.If this all seems petty, then you have a good fix on the spirit of the review. Proudfoot says that Ludwig Wittgenstein's Tractatus “says nothing about brains.” But Wittgenstein describes it as an examination of what humans can “know,” and it is generally accepted that the brain is the organ responsible for knowing.Proudfoot complains about anthropomorphizing, but there is no harm in using such terms; we routinely speak of the legs of a chair or the hands of a doll. It doesn't follow that it is our intent to endow these objects with human qualities. I clearly state that today's machines do not have the endearing qualities of humans—they are, after all, still a million times simpler, although this disparity is rapidly shrinking. She makes no comment on the book's specific theses, such as reverse engineering the human brain and harnessing its methods in increasingly powerful computational mediums. We are already able to replicate the detailed input-output response of extensive clusters of human neurons, and there is nothing to prevent these efforts from scaling up to the entire human brain.Instead, she drags out old anti-artificial-intelligence (AI) arguments: some early predictions were wrong (which I discuss); many AI projects have crashed (although I appreciate her acknowledgement that my projects are not among these).Proudfoot's arguments aside, nonbiological entities, which today have many narrowly focused skills, are going to vastly expand in the breadth, depth, and subtlety of their intelligence and creativity. My book discusses why this is inevitable, the nature of the technologies that will emerge, and the impact this will have on our human-machine civilization, a development no less important than the emergence of human intelligence some thousands of generations ago. [1]: /lookup/doi/10.1126/science.284.5415.745 [2]: /lookup/doi/10.1126/science.285.5426.320" @default.
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- W2062007261 title "Our Human-Machine Civilization" @default.
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