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• W2062529426 abstract "1. The mode of action of DDE and similar compounds on the thinning of eggshells—often combined with shell breakage—is discussed and related to what is known about their formation and especially the Ca2+ metabolism of the shell gland. The effect is one of several actions these compounds have on reproduction. 2. The sensitivity of different species of birds to DDE differs. Some are quite sensitive (≥20%); others moderately sensitive (<20%); others are insensitive. There are also variations among sensitive species as to which of the shell layers is most affected. 3. In two varieties of ducks with different sensitivities, the effect of DDE administered in vivo was found to be localized to the translocation ofCa2+ from the mucosa cells of the gland to the shell gland cavity. This DDE effect was only present (moderately sensitive) or most marked (sensitive) in the two varieties 16–20 hr before the time of egg laying (oviposition). It was not present in the (insensitive) domestic fowl. 4. The rate of the ATP-dependentCa2+ binding of the shell gland mucosa homogenate or its partly purified microsomal or mitochondrial subfractions showed functional changes during the shell formation in relation to the value at the time of oviposition of untreated ducks. When DDE has been administered in vivo, the rate of Ca2+ binding, when changed, was reduced and the maximal effect was present 16–12 hr before oviposition. At the time of oviposition no DDE effect was present. In the domestic fowl no reduction was present at any time. If the Ca2+ binding of the subcellular fractions was inhibited by the calmodulin antagonist trifluoperazine added in vitro, the DDE effect on this binding was no longer present in ducks. 5. If DDE was added in vitro, it always reduced the specific Ca2+−Mg2+-ATPase activity in the mucosa homogenates from both ducks and domestic fowls. When DDE was administered in vivo, this activity was only occasionally reduced. Instead the mol Ca2+ bound per mol ATP hydrolyzed (Ca2+/P-ratio) was reduced, i.e. DDE had probably had an “uncoupler” effect on the Ca2+-pump. The Ca2+/P ratio also showed functional changes. It was about 0.2 at oviposition and 0.5 during the shell formation. DDE in vivo inhibited this increase during shell formation keeping the Ca2+/P ratio at 0.2. 6. Those observations indicated that DDE administered in vivo mainly influenced the stimulus-secretion mechanism of the shell gland. Among the hormonal factors being most closely involved in the regulation of shell formation, and that may have been influenced by DDE, progesterone and prostaglandins were considered likely candidates. It was observed that DDE in concentrations present in vivo in the shell gland mucosa of the duck inhibited the binding of progesterone to its cytoplasmic receptor. The inhibition was weaker in the domestic fowl since progesterone had a higher affinity to its receptor in the hen than in the duck. DDT and DDE are potent inhibitors of calmodulin. This polypeptide had been suggested to be a part of the progesterone receptor. Other potent calmodulin antagonists such as trifluoperazine and calmoduzaline were as potent as DDE in inhibiting the binding of progesterone. The calmodulin-inhibiting effect of DDE is probably of significance for its shell-thinning action." @default.
• W2062529426 created "2016-06-24" @default.
• W2062529426 creator A5043603171 @default.
• W2062529426 date "1987-01-01" @default.
• W2062529426 modified "2023-09-24" @default.
• W2062529426 title "Thinning of eggshells in birds by DDE: Mode of action on the eggshell gland" @default.
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• W2062529426 doi "https://doi.org/10.1016/0742-8413(87)90040-5" @default.
• W2062529426 hasPublicationYear "1987" @default.
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