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• W2063490511 abstract "--Arctic-nesting geese build large, insulated nests to protect developing embryos from cold ambient temperatures. Ross' Geese (Chen rossii) are about two-thirds the mass of Lesser Snow Geese (C. caerulescens caerulescens), have higher mass-specific metabolic rate, and maintain lower nest attentiveness, yet they hatch goslings with more functionally mature gizzards and more protein for their size than do Lesser Snow Geese. We compared nest size (a reflection of nest insulation) in four distinct habitats in a mixed breeding colony of Ross' Geese and Lesser Snow Geese at Karrak Lake, Northwest Territories, Canada. After adjusting measurements for nest-specific egg size and clutch size, we found that overall nest morphology differed between species and among habitats. Nest size increased progressively among heath, rock, mixed, and moss habitats. When nesting materials were not limiting, nests were smaller in habitats that provided cover from wind and precipitation than in habitats that did not provide cover Ross' Geese constructed relatively larger, more insulated nests than did Lesser Snow Geese, which may hasten embryonic development, minimize energy expenditure during incubation, and minimize embryonic ooling during recesses. We suggest hat relative differences in nest morphology reflect greater selection for Ross' Geese to improve nest insulation because of their smaller size (adults and embryos), higher massspecific metabolic rate, and lower incubation constancy. Received 13 May 1996, accepted 18 March 1997. IN BIRDS, HEAT IS SUPPLIED to developing embryos primarily by body warmth of the brooding parent (Afton and Paulus 1992). Heat loss from developing embryos and metabolic costs to parents can be minimized by increasing nest insulation. Nest insulation affects growth rates of nestlings (Winkler 1993), and probably affects embryonic growth as well, particularly in precocial species. Nest morphology and insulative properties of nests probably are influenced by body size, metabolic rates, incubation constancy, ambient thermal conditions, availability of nesting materials, and risk of predation (Moller 1984). Mass-specific metabolic rate and heat-transfer rate generally increase with declining body mass (Brody 1945, Lasiewski and Dawson 1967, Templeton 1970, Hill and Wyse 1989). Consequently, smaller species must assimilate nutrients at greater rates than larger species to maintain high metabolic rates. In addition, smaller species have less capacity to store endogenous nutrients than do larger 4 E-mail: kmccrac@unixl.sncc.lsu.edu species. Thus, body size is of profound consequence to incubating parents, which must fast during incubation unless they are fed by mates or auxiliaries (von Haartman 1958, Skutch 1962, Afton and Paulus 1992). If endogenous nutrients are not sufficient to meet energy requirements during incubation sessions, parents may recess from incubation in order to feed, thereby decreasing incubation constancy and exposing nests to predators and heat loss. Afton and Paulus (1992) reported that incubation constancy is positively related to body mass among all species of waterfowl (Anatidae), particularly among geese and swans. Within species, nest-building behavior may be adapted to maximize efficiency of nest insulation in response to cumulative embryonic metabolic rates, which are products of clutch size and embryo body size. Because of the relationship between surface area and volume, small eggs and clutches have greater rates of heat transfer than larger eggs and clutches, all else being equal. These factors are particularly important under the windy conditions that pre-" @default.
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• W2063490511 date "1997-10-01" @default.
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• W2063490511 title "Nest Morphology and Body Size of Ross' Geese and Lesser Snow Geese" @default.
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• W2063490511 doi "https://doi.org/10.2307/4089280" @default.
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