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• W2064457816 abstract "In migrating cells, the relative importance of myosin II contractility for cell rear retraction varies [1Jay P.Y. Pham P.A. Wong S.A. Elson E.L. A mechanical function of myosin II in cell motility.J. Cell Sci. 1995; 108: 387-393Crossref PubMed Google Scholar, 2Lämmermann T. Bader B.L. Monkley S.J. Worbs T. Wedlich-Söldner R. Hirsch K. Keller M. Förster R. Critchley D.R. Fässler R. Sixt M. Rapid leukocyte migration by integrin-independent flowing and squeezing.Nature. 2008; 453: 51-55Crossref PubMed Scopus (1003) Google Scholar, 3Doolittle K.W. Reddy I. McNally J.G. 3D analysis of cell movement during normal and myosin-II-null cell morphogenesis in dictyostelium.Dev. Biol. 1995; 167: 118-129Crossref PubMed Scopus (52) Google Scholar, 4Mitchison T.J. Cramer L.P. Actin-based cell motility and cell locomotion.Cell. 1996; 84: 371-379Abstract Full Text Full Text PDF PubMed Scopus (1308) Google Scholar, 5Sheetz M.P. Felsenfeld D.P. Galbraith C.G. Cell migration: regulation of force on extracellular-matrix-integrin complexes.Trends Cell Biol. 1998; 8: 51-54Abstract Full Text PDF PubMed Scopus (360) Google Scholar, 6Ridley A.J. Schwartz M.A. Burridge K. Firtel R.A. Ginsberg M.H. Borisy G. Parsons J.T. Horwitz A.R. Cell migration: integrating signals from front to back.Science. 2003; 302: 1704-1709Crossref PubMed Scopus (3819) Google Scholar, 7Conti M.A. Adelstein R.S. Nonmuscle myosin II moves in new directions.J. Cell Sci. 2008; 121: 11-18Crossref PubMed Scopus (274) Google Scholar, 8Vicente-Manzanares M. Ma X. Adelstein R.S. Horwitz A.R. Non-muscle myosin II takes centre stage in cell adhesion and migration.Nat. Rev. Mol. Cell Biol. 2009; 10: 778-790Crossref PubMed Scopus (1318) Google Scholar, 9Cramer L.P. Forming the cell rear first: breaking cell symmetry to trigger directed cell migration.Nat. Cell Biol. 2010; 12: 628-632Crossref PubMed Scopus (84) Google Scholar, 10Kolega J. Asymmetric distribution of myosin IIB in migrating endothelial cells is regulated by a rho-dependent kinase and contributes to tail retraction.Mol. Biol. Cell. 2003; 14: 4745-4757Crossref PubMed Scopus (101) Google Scholar, 11Lombardi M.L. Knecht D.A. Dembo M. Lee J. Traction force microscopy in Dictyostelium reveals distinct roles for myosin II motor and actin-crosslinking activity in polarized cell movement.J. Cell Sci. 2007; 120: 1624-1634Crossref PubMed Scopus (82) Google Scholar, 12Shutova M.S. Alexandrova A.Y. Vasiliev J.M. Regulation of polarity in cells devoid of actin bundle system after treatment with inhibitors of myosin II activity.Cell Motil. Cytoskeleton. 2008; 65: 734-746Crossref PubMed Scopus (17) Google Scholar]. However, in myosin II-inhibited polarizing cells, actin organization is compromised [13Koehl G. McNally J.G. Myosin II redistribution during rear retraction and the role of filament assembly and disassembly.Cell Biol. Int. 2002; 26: 287-296Crossref PubMed Scopus (10) Google Scholar, 14Vicente-Manzanares M. Zareno J. Whitmore L. Choi C.K. Horwitz A.F. Regulation of protrusion, adhesion dynamics, and polarity by myosins IIA and IIB in migrating cells.J. Cell Biol. 2007; 176: 573-580Crossref PubMed Scopus (303) Google Scholar, 15Yam P.T. Wilson C.A. Ji L. Hebert B. Barnhart E.L. Dye N.A. Wiseman P.W. Danuser G. Theriot J.A. Actin-myosin network reorganization breaks symmetry at the cell rear to spontaneously initiate polarized cell motility.J. Cell Biol. 2007; 178: 1207-1221Crossref PubMed Scopus (201) Google Scholar, 16Xu J. Wang F. Van Keymeulen A. Herzmark P. Straight A. Kelly K. Takuwa Y. Sugimoto N. Mitchison T. Bourne H.R. Divergent signals and cytoskeletal assemblies regulate self-organizing polarity in neutrophils.Cell. 2003; 114: 201-214Abstract Full Text Full Text PDF PubMed Scopus (560) Google Scholar, 17Gutjahr M.C. Rossy J. Niggli V. Role of Rho, Rac, and Rho-kinase in phosphorylation of myosin light chain, development of polarity, and spontaneous migration of Walker 256 carcinosarcoma cells.Exp. Cell Res. 2005; 308: 422-438Crossref PubMed Scopus (52) Google Scholar, 18Bardi G. Niggli V. Loetscher P. Rho kinase is required for CCR7-mediated polarization and chemotaxis of T lymphocytes.FEBS Lett. 2003; 542: 79-83Abstract Full Text Full Text PDF PubMed Scopus (60) Google Scholar]; thus it remains unclear whether myosin II is simply required for correct actin arrangement or also directly drives rear retraction [9Cramer L.P. Forming the cell rear first: breaking cell symmetry to trigger directed cell migration.Nat. Cell Biol. 2010; 12: 628-632Crossref PubMed Scopus (84) Google Scholar]. Ascaris sperm cells lack actin and associated motors, and depolymerization of major sperm protein is instead thought to pull the cell rear forward [19Mogilner A. Oster G. Polymer motors: pushing out the front and pulling up the back.Curr. Biol. 2003; 13: R721-R733Abstract Full Text Full Text PDF PubMed Scopus (188) Google Scholar, 20Sun S.X. Walcott S. Wolgemuth C.W. Cytoskeletal cross-linking and bundling in motor-independent contraction.Curr. Biol. 2010; 20: R649-R654Abstract Full Text Full Text PDF PubMed Scopus (75) Google Scholar]. Opposing views exist on whether actin could also have this function [19Mogilner A. Oster G. Polymer motors: pushing out the front and pulling up the back.Curr. Biol. 2003; 13: R721-R733Abstract Full Text Full Text PDF PubMed Scopus (188) Google Scholar, 20Sun S.X. Walcott S. Wolgemuth C.W. Cytoskeletal cross-linking and bundling in motor-independent contraction.Curr. Biol. 2010; 20: R649-R654Abstract Full Text Full Text PDF PubMed Scopus (75) Google Scholar] and has not been directly experimentally sought. We probe function at high temporal resolution in polarizing fibroblasts that establish migration by forming the cell rear first [9Cramer L.P. Forming the cell rear first: breaking cell symmetry to trigger directed cell migration.Nat. Cell Biol. 2010; 12: 628-632Crossref PubMed Scopus (84) Google Scholar, 15Yam P.T. Wilson C.A. Ji L. Hebert B. Barnhart E.L. Dye N.A. Wiseman P.W. Danuser G. Theriot J.A. Actin-myosin network reorganization breaks symmetry at the cell rear to spontaneously initiate polarized cell motility.J. Cell Biol. 2007; 178: 1207-1221Crossref PubMed Scopus (201) Google Scholar, 21Mseka T. Bamburg J.R. Cramer L.P. ADF/cofilin family proteins control formation of oriented actin-filament bundles in the cell body to trigger fibroblast polarization.J. Cell Sci. 2007; 120: 4332-4344Crossref PubMed Scopus (57) Google Scholar]. We show that in cells with correctly organized actin, that actin filament depolymerization directly drives retraction of the rear margin to polarize cells and spatially accounts for most cell rear retraction during established migration. Myosin II contractility is required early, to form aligned actin bundles that are needed for polarization, and also later to maintain bundle length that ensures directed protrusion at the cell front. Our data imply a new mechanism: actin depolymerization-based force retracts the cell rear to polarize cells with no direct contribution from myosin II contractility." @default.
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• W2064457816 title "Actin Depolymerization-Based Force Retracts the Cell Rear in Polarizing and Migrating Cells" @default.
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