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• W2065136206 abstract "Fleming et al. should be congratulated on their article “Hormonal contraception can suppress natural antimicrobial gene transcription in human endometrium” (1Fleming D.C. King A.E. Williams A.R.W. Critchley H.O.D. Kelly R.W. Hormonal contraception can suppress natural antimicrobial gene transcription in human endometrium.Fertil Steril. 2003; 79: 856-863Abstract Full Text Full Text PDF PubMed Scopus (63) Google Scholar). They state that women taking oral contraceptive have suppressed beta-de fens in 1 and 2 mRNA expressions in secretory phase explants. They also cited three old articles from 1982, 1985, and 1990 stating that the incidence of pelvic inflammatory disease (PID) is lower in women taking combined oral contraceptives (OCs) (2Rubin G.L. Ory H.W. Layde P.M. Oral contraceptives and pelvic inflammatory disease.Am J Obstet Gynecol. 1982; 144: 630-635Abstract Full Text PDF PubMed Scopus (72) Google Scholar, 3Wolner-Hanssen P. Eschenbach D.A. Paavonen J. Kiviat N. Stevens C.E. Critchlow C. et al.Decreased risk of symptomatic chlamydial pelvic inflammatory disease associated with oral contraceptive use.JAMA. 1990; 263: 54-59Crossref PubMed Scopus (134) Google Scholar, 4Washington A.E. Gove S. Schachter J. Sweet R.L. Oral contraceptives, Chlamydia trachomatis infection, and pelvic inflammatory disease. A word of caution about protection.JAMA. 1985; 253: 2246-2250Crossref PubMed Scopus (144) Google Scholar).Apparently, their findings are contradictory to the literature mentioned by the authors. These previous studies considered the observation that chlamydial cervicitis was more common among OC users and the finding that OC was associated with an increased risk of fertility problems.Nevertheless, new data coming from the PID Evaluation and Clinical Health (PEACH) trial found that no hormonal or barrier contraceptive method was related to a reduction in upper genital tract disease among women with clinical PID, although the PID symptoms were lighter in oral contraceptive users (5Ness R.B. Soper D.E. Holley R.L. Peipert J. Randall H. Sweet R.L. et al.Hormonal and barrier contraception and risk of upper genital tract disease in the PID Evaluation and Clinical Health (PEACH) study.Am J Obstet Gynecol. 2001; 185: 121-127Abstract Full Text Full Text PDF PubMed Scopus (42) Google Scholar).I believe that the authors should mention the work by Ness et al. (5Ness R.B. Soper D.E. Holley R.L. Peipert J. Randall H. Sweet R.L. et al.Hormonal and barrier contraception and risk of upper genital tract disease in the PID Evaluation and Clinical Health (PEACH) study.Am J Obstet Gynecol. 2001; 185: 121-127Abstract Full Text Full Text PDF PubMed Scopus (42) Google Scholar), as it agrees with their data and seems to correspond to what we have seen at the emergency room. Fleming et al. should be congratulated on their article “Hormonal contraception can suppress natural antimicrobial gene transcription in human endometrium” (1Fleming D.C. King A.E. Williams A.R.W. Critchley H.O.D. Kelly R.W. Hormonal contraception can suppress natural antimicrobial gene transcription in human endometrium.Fertil Steril. 2003; 79: 856-863Abstract Full Text Full Text PDF PubMed Scopus (63) Google Scholar). They state that women taking oral contraceptive have suppressed beta-de fens in 1 and 2 mRNA expressions in secretory phase explants. They also cited three old articles from 1982, 1985, and 1990 stating that the incidence of pelvic inflammatory disease (PID) is lower in women taking combined oral contraceptives (OCs) (2Rubin G.L. Ory H.W. Layde P.M. Oral contraceptives and pelvic inflammatory disease.Am J Obstet Gynecol. 1982; 144: 630-635Abstract Full Text PDF PubMed Scopus (72) Google Scholar, 3Wolner-Hanssen P. Eschenbach D.A. Paavonen J. Kiviat N. Stevens C.E. Critchlow C. et al.Decreased risk of symptomatic chlamydial pelvic inflammatory disease associated with oral contraceptive use.JAMA. 1990; 263: 54-59Crossref PubMed Scopus (134) Google Scholar, 4Washington A.E. Gove S. Schachter J. Sweet R.L. Oral contraceptives, Chlamydia trachomatis infection, and pelvic inflammatory disease. A word of caution about protection.JAMA. 1985; 253: 2246-2250Crossref PubMed Scopus (144) Google Scholar). Apparently, their findings are contradictory to the literature mentioned by the authors. These previous studies considered the observation that chlamydial cervicitis was more common among OC users and the finding that OC was associated with an increased risk of fertility problems. Nevertheless, new data coming from the PID Evaluation and Clinical Health (PEACH) trial found that no hormonal or barrier contraceptive method was related to a reduction in upper genital tract disease among women with clinical PID, although the PID symptoms were lighter in oral contraceptive users (5Ness R.B. Soper D.E. Holley R.L. Peipert J. Randall H. Sweet R.L. et al.Hormonal and barrier contraception and risk of upper genital tract disease in the PID Evaluation and Clinical Health (PEACH) study.Am J Obstet Gynecol. 2001; 185: 121-127Abstract Full Text Full Text PDF PubMed Scopus (42) Google Scholar). I believe that the authors should mention the work by Ness et al. (5Ness R.B. Soper D.E. Holley R.L. Peipert J. Randall H. Sweet R.L. et al.Hormonal and barrier contraception and risk of upper genital tract disease in the PID Evaluation and Clinical Health (PEACH) study.Am J Obstet Gynecol. 2001; 185: 121-127Abstract Full Text Full Text PDF PubMed Scopus (42) Google Scholar), as it agrees with their data and seems to correspond to what we have seen at the emergency room. Reply of the authorFertility and SterilityVol. 80Issue 6Preview Full-Text PDF" @default.
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• W2065136206 title "Hormonal contraception, immune responses, and pelvic inflammatory disease" @default.
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