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• W2065486520 abstract "Purpose/ObjectiveTo demonstrate the physical properties underlying the concept of radio frequency identification and remote localization in a heuristic manner to understand the operational parameters needed for real-time clinical applications. This approach is to demonstrate the benefit of using superconducting quantum interference device (SQUID) magnetometers for detecting low-level magnetic fields that can be used for calculating the prostate position. We will present the theoretical foundation for this technology and illustrate the governing equations and circuits required to create a real-time based localization system.Materials/MethodsThe localization system consists of (1) a dipole antenna, (2) an inductive electronic circuit, and (3) superconducting quantum interference device (SQUID) magnetometers. The dipole antenna is designed to power the inductive electronic circuit to create a passive system in place of using batteries. The electronic circuit consists of a microchip and an inductor-capacitor circuit for both passive charging and discharging needed for operation. The inductor is designed as dual purpose, to receive and transmit signals by creating an inductor current and the associated magnetic field. For tumor localization, the implantable microchip restricts the size of the inductor and reduces the magnetic field strength per current. Given these small field strengths, the detection system relies on SQUID magnetometers to increase flexibility into the clinical design.ResultsTo design an implantable, passive transmitter for prostate localization, the implant size constrains the magnetic field strength to relatively small values for either charge build up or current discharge during signal transmission. This is due to both the inductor size and the real-time constraint where positioning information is defined in less than one second. To reduce the magnetic field strength attenuation through tissue, low frequency operation is desirable for both transmission and charging shown using Poynting vector calculations. Operating at low frequencies decreases field attenuation, however, the charge up time increases as well as the time interval for acquiring the prostate location. Therefore, the circuit parameters and detection system must be optimized. With regard to the dipole antenna, the loop radius should be greater than the length of the transmitter distance to maximize power transfer, which influences the clinical design and implementation. One possible mode of operation is to continuously charge and discharge the transmitter circuit in half or full duplex modes to provide power and location without interruption. Another mode is to sequentially power the transmitter and then discharge the capacitor to create an alternating magnetic field. For duplex modes, the minimum induction field needed to power the transmitter is reduced using resonant circuit design for both the dipole antenna and the transmitter inductor circuit. In addition, calculations show that range between the antenna source and transmitter depend on the minimum field strength and the microchip power specifications. Estimates of the circuit parameters, field strength, and range are calculated for both operational modes. For sequential operation, the charge time is calculated according to varying circuit parameters to determine feasibility in terms of creating a detectable magnetic field strength with fractions of a second for real-time prostate localization.ConclusionsSuperconducting quantum device (SQUID) magnetometers create flexibility into the clinical design for real-time, three-dimensional prostate location by increasing the detection sensitivity required for this application. Magnetic field strength is limited by the implant size, passive power transfer, and real-time design constraints imposed by the localization system. With these design constraints, the duplex modes are unable to provide sufficient magnetic field strengths for detection given that the mutual inductance depends upon distance and orientation. Therefore, the sequential operating mode offers the best compromise with respect to field strength and data acquisition frequency Purpose/ObjectiveTo demonstrate the physical properties underlying the concept of radio frequency identification and remote localization in a heuristic manner to understand the operational parameters needed for real-time clinical applications. This approach is to demonstrate the benefit of using superconducting quantum interference device (SQUID) magnetometers for detecting low-level magnetic fields that can be used for calculating the prostate position. We will present the theoretical foundation for this technology and illustrate the governing equations and circuits required to create a real-time based localization system. To demonstrate the physical properties underlying the concept of radio frequency identification and remote localization in a heuristic manner to understand the operational parameters needed for real-time clinical applications. This approach is to demonstrate the benefit of using superconducting quantum interference device (SQUID) magnetometers for detecting low-level magnetic fields that can be used for calculating the prostate position. We will present the theoretical foundation for this technology and illustrate the governing equations and circuits required to create a real-time based localization system. Materials/MethodsThe localization system consists of (1) a dipole antenna, (2) an inductive electronic circuit, and (3) superconducting quantum interference device (SQUID) magnetometers. The dipole antenna is designed to power the inductive electronic circuit to create a passive system in place of using batteries. The electronic circuit consists of a microchip and an inductor-capacitor circuit for both passive charging and discharging needed for operation. The inductor is designed as dual purpose, to receive and transmit signals by creating an inductor current and the associated magnetic field. For tumor localization, the implantable microchip restricts the size of the inductor and reduces the magnetic field strength per current. Given these small field strengths, the detection system relies on SQUID magnetometers to increase flexibility into the clinical design. The localization system consists of (1) a dipole antenna, (2) an inductive electronic circuit, and (3) superconducting quantum interference device (SQUID) magnetometers. The dipole antenna is designed to power the inductive electronic circuit to create a passive system in place of using batteries. The electronic circuit consists of a microchip and an inductor-capacitor circuit for both passive charging and discharging needed for operation. The inductor is designed as dual purpose, to receive and transmit signals by creating an inductor current and the associated magnetic field. For tumor localization, the implantable microchip restricts the size of the inductor and reduces the magnetic field strength per current. Given these small field strengths, the detection system relies on SQUID magnetometers to increase flexibility into the clinical design. ResultsTo design an implantable, passive transmitter for prostate localization, the implant size constrains the magnetic field strength to relatively small values for either charge build up or current discharge during signal transmission. This is due to both the inductor size and the real-time constraint where positioning information is defined in less than one second. To reduce the magnetic field strength attenuation through tissue, low frequency operation is desirable for both transmission and charging shown using Poynting vector calculations. Operating at low frequencies decreases field attenuation, however, the charge up time increases as well as the time interval for acquiring the prostate location. Therefore, the circuit parameters and detection system must be optimized. With regard to the dipole antenna, the loop radius should be greater than the length of the transmitter distance to maximize power transfer, which influences the clinical design and implementation. One possible mode of operation is to continuously charge and discharge the transmitter circuit in half or full duplex modes to provide power and location without interruption. Another mode is to sequentially power the transmitter and then discharge the capacitor to create an alternating magnetic field. For duplex modes, the minimum induction field needed to power the transmitter is reduced using resonant circuit design for both the dipole antenna and the transmitter inductor circuit. In addition, calculations show that range between the antenna source and transmitter depend on the minimum field strength and the microchip power specifications. Estimates of the circuit parameters, field strength, and range are calculated for both operational modes. For sequential operation, the charge time is calculated according to varying circuit parameters to determine feasibility in terms of creating a detectable magnetic field strength with fractions of a second for real-time prostate localization. To design an implantable, passive transmitter for prostate localization, the implant size constrains the magnetic field strength to relatively small values for either charge build up or current discharge during signal transmission. This is due to both the inductor size and the real-time constraint where positioning information is defined in less than one second. To reduce the magnetic field strength attenuation through tissue, low frequency operation is desirable for both transmission and charging shown using Poynting vector calculations. Operating at low frequencies decreases field attenuation, however, the charge up time increases as well as the time interval for acquiring the prostate location. Therefore, the circuit parameters and detection system must be optimized. With regard to the dipole antenna, the loop radius should be greater than the length of the transmitter distance to maximize power transfer, which influences the clinical design and implementation. One possible mode of operation is to continuously charge and discharge the transmitter circuit in half or full duplex modes to provide power and location without interruption. Another mode is to sequentially power the transmitter and then discharge the capacitor to create an alternating magnetic field. For duplex modes, the minimum induction field needed to power the transmitter is reduced using resonant circuit design for both the dipole antenna and the transmitter inductor circuit. In addition, calculations show that range between the antenna source and transmitter depend on the minimum field strength and the microchip power specifications. Estimates of the circuit parameters, field strength, and range are calculated for both operational modes. For sequential operation, the charge time is calculated according to varying circuit parameters to determine feasibility in terms of creating a detectable magnetic field strength with fractions of a second for real-time prostate localization. ConclusionsSuperconducting quantum device (SQUID) magnetometers create flexibility into the clinical design for real-time, three-dimensional prostate location by increasing the detection sensitivity required for this application. Magnetic field strength is limited by the implant size, passive power transfer, and real-time design constraints imposed by the localization system. With these design constraints, the duplex modes are unable to provide sufficient magnetic field strengths for detection given that the mutual inductance depends upon distance and orientation. Therefore, the sequential operating mode offers the best compromise with respect to field strength and data acquisition frequency Superconducting quantum device (SQUID) magnetometers create flexibility into the clinical design for real-time, three-dimensional prostate location by increasing the detection sensitivity required for this application. Magnetic field strength is limited by the implant size, passive power transfer, and real-time design constraints imposed by the localization system. With these design constraints, the duplex modes are unable to provide sufficient magnetic field strengths for detection given that the mutual inductance depends upon distance and orientation. Therefore, the sequential operating mode offers the best compromise with respect to field strength and data acquisition frequency" @default.
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• W2065486520 date "2004-09-01" @default.
• W2065486520 modified "2023-09-25" @default.
• W2065486520 title "Real-time prostate localization using superconducting quantum interference devices" @default.
• W2065486520 doi "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijrobp.2004.07.626" @default.
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