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- W2065852899 abstract "In the last thirty years particle physics has led to a profound understanding of the world around us, summarized in the so-called “Standard Model”. It provides a coherent and precise description of the building blocks of matter and the three fundamental interactions: the weak, the strong and the electromagnetic. However, at the same time we realize that this model is far from complete. In fact we have learned that we do not know what most of the universe is made of. To answer the questions, what the universe is made of and how it works, is the ultimate challenge of particle physics [2, 3]. In our current understanding, the universe went through a series of phase transitions after the Big Bang. These phase transitions mark the most important epochs of the expanding universe. At 10 −11 sa fter the Big Bang and at a temperature T ∼ 100 GeV (∼ 10 15 K) the electroweak phase transition took place. At this time most of the known elementary particles acquired their Higgs masses [4–6]. At 10 −5 s and at a temperature three orders of magnitude lower (170 MeV ∼ 10 12 K), the strong phase transition took place. During the strong phase transition the quarks and gluons became confined in hadrons. At the same time the approximate chiral symmetry was spontaneously broken. This symmetry is crucial in the standard model and gives rise to the presence of the light pions [7]. The underlying theory of the strong force, QCD, is well established even though its fundamental degrees of freedom, the quarks and gluons, cannot be observed as free particles due to confinement. The known QCD Lagrangian provides in principle the complete picture but the QCD field equations are notoriously hard to solve. In fact, the two most important and interesting properties, confinement and chiral symmetry breaking, are still poorly understood from first principles. One of the key features of QCD is that the strength of the coupling between quarks and gluons depends on their" @default.
- W2065852899 created "2016-06-24" @default.
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- W2065852899 date "2007-12-01" @default.
- W2065852899 modified "2023-09-23" @default.
- W2065852899 title "HEAVY-ION PHYSICS AT THE LHC WITH ALICE" @default.
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- W2065852899 doi "https://doi.org/10.1142/9789812776105_0006" @default.
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