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• W2065909162 abstract "We previously reported that a Kozak sequence variant in the metabotropic glutamate receptor 3 gene (GRM3), rs148754219, is associated with bipolar disorder (BP) and affects gene transcription and translation (Kandaswamy et al., 2013). A marker near GRM3, rs12704290, is one of the top hits and reached genome-wide significance in a recently reported genome-wide association study of schizophrenia (SZ) (Ripke et al., 2014), and markers for GRM3 have also been reported to demonstrate association with alcohol dependence syndrome (ADS) (Levey et al., 2014). In our original sample, considering patients successfully genotyped for rs148754219, 19 out of 1062 BP cases and only four out of 932 controls were heterozygous [odds ratio (OR)=4.2 (1.4–12.3), P=0.005]. We have genotyped this variant in additional controls and cases diagnosed with BP, SZ and ADS with the same ancestry. Patients were assessed by trained clinicians as described previously (Kandaswamy et al., 2013; Way et al., 2014). Allele counts were compared and significance was tested using Fisher’s exact test. Thirteen out of 934 additional BP cases and three out of 377 additional controls were heterozygous [OR=1.8 (0.49–6.2), P=not significant]. Combined with the originally reported results (Kandaswamy et al., 2013), 32 out of 1964 BP cases and seven out of 1309 controls were heterozygous [OR=3.0 (1.3–6.8), P=0.003]. Out of 1235 SZ cases 16 were heterozygous and were compared with the total control sample [OR=2.4 (0.99–5.8), P=0.03]. Out of 1514 ADS cases 18 were heterozygous and one was homozygous for the variant allele [OR=2.5 (1.0–5.9), P=0.03]. If all case cohorts (BP, SZ and ADS) are combined together, there would be one homozygote and 66 heterozygotes out of 4971 cases compared with the seven heterozygotes out of 1309 controls [OR=2.7 (1.2–5.8), P=0.004]. Previous work has supported the view that some genetic risk factors may be common to different psychiatric diagnoses (Lydall et al., 2011; Lee et al., 2013). Although the individual results are of questionable significance, the magnitude and direction of effect are consistent across all the cohorts and thus suggest the possibility that this rare variant may have a direct, functional effect on the risk of developing any of these three disorders. Because of its rarity, large sample sizes would be needed to confirm these results. Doing this would be worthwhile because if this finding is confirmed it could provide molecular insight into a mechanism involving GRM3 leading to increased risk of mental disorders and could provide a basis for further functional and therapeutic studies. Acknowledgements Preparation and analysis of the samples was supported by UK Medical Research Council project grants G9623693N, G0500791, G0701007 and G1000708. NLOB is supported by a PhD studentship funded jointly by a UCL IMPACT award and Equilibrium, the Bipolar Foundation. M.J.W. is supported by a PhD studentship jointly funded by a UCL IMPACT award and The Hobson Charity Limited. R.K. was funded by a UK Government Overseas Research Student award. G.Q. is supported by a PhD studentship jointly funded by a UCL IMPACT award and the Brain Damage Research Trust. A.J. is supported by a PhD studentship jointly funded by a UCL award and the Lundbeck Foundation Initiative for Integrative Psychiatric Research, iPSYCH. The UCL clinical and control samples were collected with the support of the Bipolar Organization, the Neuroscience Research Charitable Trust, the Central London NHS Blood Transfusion Service, The Stanley Medical Research Institute, the National Institute for Health Research (NIHR) Mental Health Research Network, the NIHR Primary Care Research Network, Cheshire and Wirral Partnership NHS Foundation Trust, Cumbria Partnership NHS Foundation Trust, Cambridgeshire and Peterborough NHS Foundation Trust, Suffolk Mental Health Partnership NHS Trust, South Essex Partnership University NHS Foundation Trust (in services based in Bedfordshire and Luton), West London Mental Health NHS Trust, Camden and Islington NHS Foundation Trust, East London NHS Foundation Trust, North East London Mental Health NHS Trust, Hertfordshire Partnership NHS Foundation Trust, Berkshire Healthcare NHS Foundation Trust, North Essex Partnership NHS Foundation Trust, Oxfordshire and Buckinghamshire Mental Health NHS Foundation Trust, South Essex Partnership University NHS Foundation Trust, South London and Maudsley NHS Foundation Trust, Oxleas NHS Foundation Trust, Surrey and Borders Partnership NHS Foundation Trust, Kent and Medway NHS and Social Care Partnership Trust, South West London and St George’s Mental Health NHS Trust, Sussex Partnership Trust, South Essex Partnership University NHS Foundation Trust, Cornwall Partnership NHS Trust, Somerset Partnership NHS Foundation Trust, Salisbury NHS Foundation Trust and the Central and North West London NHS Foundation Trust. Conflicts of interest There are no conflicts of interest." @default.
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• W2065909162 date "2014-12-01" @default.
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• W2065909162 title "The functional GRM3 Kozak sequence variant rs148754219 affects the risk of schizophrenia and alcohol dependence as well as bipolar disorder" @default.
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