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• W2067508991 endingPage "e92221" @default.
• W2067508991 startingPage "e92221" @default.
• W2067508991 abstract "Substance dependence poses a critical health problem. Sadly, its neurobiological mechanisms are still unclear, and this lack of real understanding is reflected in insufficient treatment options. It has been hypothesized that alcohol effects are due to an imbalance between neuroexcitatory and neuroinhibitory amino acids. However, glutamate and GABA interact with other neurotransmitters, which form a complicated network whose functioning evades intuition and should be investigated systemically with methods of biomedical systems analysis.We present a heuristic model of neurotransmitters that combines a neurochemical interaction matrix at the biochemical level with a mobile describing the balances between pairs of neurotransmitters at the physiological and behavioral level. We investigate the effects of alcohol on the integrated neurotransmitter systems at both levels. The model simulation results are consistent with clinical and experimental observations. The model demonstrates that the drug diazepam for symptoms of alcohol withdrawal effectively reduces the imbalances between neurotransmitters. Moreover, the acetylcholine signal is suggested as a novel target for treatment of symptoms associated with alcohol withdrawal.Efficient means of integrating clinical symptoms across multiple levels are still scarce and difficult to establish. We present a heuristic model of systemic neurotransmitter functionality that permits the assessment of genetic, biochemical, and pharmacological perturbations. The model can serve as a tool to represent clinical and biological observations and explore various scenarios associated with alcohol dependence and its treatments. It also is very well suited for educational purposes." @default.
• W2067508991 created "2016-06-24" @default.
• W2067508991 creator A5027449037 @default.
• W2067508991 creator A5063233199 @default.
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• W2067508991 date "2014-03-21" @default.
• W2067508991 modified "2023-10-02" @default.
• W2067508991 title "A Heuristic Model of Alcohol Dependence" @default.
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• W2067508991 doi "https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0092221" @default.
• W2067508991 hasPubMedCentralId "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/3962390" @default.
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