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• W2068482350 abstract "Atypical protein kinase C (aPKC) has been implicated in several signaling pathways such as cell polarity, cell survival, and cell differentiation. In contrast to other PKCs, aPKC is unique in having the PB1 (Phox and Bem 1) domain in the N terminus. The aPKC PB1 domain binds with ZIP/p62, Par6, or MEK5 through a PB1-PB1 domain interaction that controls the localization of aPKC. Here, we determined the three-dimensional structure of the PB1 domain of PKCι by NMR and found that the PB1 domain adopts a ubiquitin fold. The OPCA (OPR, PC, and AID) motif inserted into the ubiquitin fold was presented as a ββα fold in which the side chains of conserved Asp residues were oriented to the same direction to form an acidic surface. This structural feature suggested that the acidic surface of the PKCι PB1 domain interacted with the basic surface of the target PB1 domains, and this was confirmed in the case of the PKCι-ZIP/p62 complex by mutational analysis. Interestingly, in the PKCι PB1 domain a conserved lysine residue was located on the side opposite to the OPCA motif-presenting surface, suggesting dual roles for the PKCι PB1 domain in that it could interact with either the conserved lysine residue or the acidic residues on the OPCA motif of the target PB1 domains. Atypical protein kinase C (aPKC) has been implicated in several signaling pathways such as cell polarity, cell survival, and cell differentiation. In contrast to other PKCs, aPKC is unique in having the PB1 (Phox and Bem 1) domain in the N terminus. The aPKC PB1 domain binds with ZIP/p62, Par6, or MEK5 through a PB1-PB1 domain interaction that controls the localization of aPKC. Here, we determined the three-dimensional structure of the PB1 domain of PKCι by NMR and found that the PB1 domain adopts a ubiquitin fold. The OPCA (OPR, PC, and AID) motif inserted into the ubiquitin fold was presented as a ββα fold in which the side chains of conserved Asp residues were oriented to the same direction to form an acidic surface. This structural feature suggested that the acidic surface of the PKCι PB1 domain interacted with the basic surface of the target PB1 domains, and this was confirmed in the case of the PKCι-ZIP/p62 complex by mutational analysis. Interestingly, in the PKCι PB1 domain a conserved lysine residue was located on the side opposite to the OPCA motif-presenting surface, suggesting dual roles for the PKCι PB1 domain in that it could interact with either the conserved lysine residue or the acidic residues on the OPCA motif of the target PB1 domains. As part of the ongoing study of atypical protein kinase C (aPKC), 1The abbreviations used are: PKC, protein kinase C; aPKC, atypical PKC; GST, glutathione S-transferase; MBP, maltose-binding protein; MEK, mitogen-activated protein kinase/extracellular signal-regulated kinase kinase; NOE, nuclear Overhauser effect; OPCA, OPR, PC, and AID; PB1, Phox and Bem 1. 1The abbreviations used are: PKC, protein kinase C; aPKC, atypical PKC; GST, glutathione S-transferase; MBP, maltose-binding protein; MEK, mitogen-activated protein kinase/extracellular signal-regulated kinase kinase; NOE, nuclear Overhauser effect; OPCA, OPR, PC, and AID; PB1, Phox and Bem 1. isoform PKCζ was first cloned in 1988 (1Ono Y. Fujii T. Ogita K. Kikkawa U. Igarashi K. Nishizuka Y. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A. 1989; 86: 3099-3103Google Scholar), followed by the cloning of isoform PKCι/λ (2Selbie L.A. Schmitz-Peiffer C. Sheng Y. Biden T.J. J. Biol. Chem. 1993; 268: 24296-24302Google Scholar, 3Akimoto K. Mizuno K. Osada S. Hirai S. Tanuma S. Suzuki K. Ohno S. J. Biol. Chem. 1994; 269: 12677-12683Google Scholar). Now, aPKC has been suggested as playing a crucial role in signal transduction pathways such as cell polarity, cell differentiation, and cell survival (4Moscat J. Diaz-Meco M.T. EMBO Rep. 2000; 1: 399-403Google Scholar, 5Ohno S. Curr. Opin. Cell Biol. 2001; 13: 641-648Google Scholar). In contrast to conventional PKC, aPKC contains only a single C1 domain but is devoid of a C2 domain in the N-terminal regulatory region. A tandem repeat of the C1 domain is known to be a target of diacylglycerol, and the C2 domain is a binding site for Ca2+. However, because of the lack of a C2 domain and the incomplete C1 domain in aPKC, neither Ca2+ nor diacylglycerol activates aPKC. Instead, aPKC contains a PB1 domain at the N terminus. In PKC signaling, the regulation of both the catalytic activity and the spatial localization of PKC is essential. PKC is known to translocate to a specific region in response to activation signals and then phosphorylate specific target proteins. Such spatial localization of PKC in cells is partially regulated by either PKC-binding scaffold proteins or anchoring proteins (6Newton A.C. Chem. Rev. 2001; 101: 2353-2364Google Scholar). In particular, aPKC binds with PB1 domain-containing proteins such as ZIP/p62 (7Puls A. Schmidt S. Grawe F. Stabel S. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A. 1997; 94: 6191-6196Google Scholar, 8Gong J. Xu J. Bezanilla M. van Huizen R. Derin R. Li M. Science. 1999; 285: 1565-1569Google Scholar, 9Ito T. Matsui Y. Ago T. Ota K. Sumimoto H. EMBO J. 2001; 20: 3938-3946Google Scholar), Par6 (10Qiu R.G. Abo A. Martin G.S. Curr. Biol. 2000; 10: 697-707Google Scholar, 11Lin D. Edwards A.S. Fawcett J.P. Mbamalu G. Scott J.D. Pawson T. Nat. Cell Biol. 2000; 2: 540-547Google Scholar, 12Joberty G. Petersen C. Gao L. Macara I.G. Nat. Cell Biol. 2000; 2: 531-539Google Scholar, 13Noda Y. Takeya R. Ohno S. Naito S. Ito T. Sumimoto H. Genes Cells. 2001; 6: 107-119Google Scholar), or MEK5 (14Diaz-Meco M.T. Moscat J. Mol. Cell. Biol. 2001; 4: 1218-1227Google Scholar) through the PB1-PB1 domain interaction. Thus, the PB1-mediated interaction between aPKC and the scaffolding or anchoring proteins plays a crucial role in exerting the biological functions of aPKC (4Moscat J. Diaz-Meco M.T. EMBO Rep. 2000; 1: 399-403Google Scholar). ZIP/p62 homologues were isolated in different biological contexts as ZIP, p62, and EBIAP (7Puls A. Schmidt S. Grawe F. Stabel S. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A. 1997; 94: 6191-6196Google Scholar, 15Devergne O. Hummel M. Koeppen H. Le Beau M.M. Nathanson E.C. Kieff E. Birkenbach M. J. Virol. 1996; 70: 1143-1153Google Scholar, 16Joung I. Strominger J.L. Shin J. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A. 1996; 93: 5991-5995Google Scholar). Recently, it has been demonstrated that ZIP/p62 is involved in the NFκB activation pathway in association with aPKC. ZIP/p62 is a scaffold protein of aPKC for the activation of NFκB downstream of extracellular signals such as tumor necrosis factor α, interleukin-1, and the nerve growth factor (17Sanz L. Sanchez P. Lallena M.J. Diaz-Meco M.T. Moscat J. EMBO J. 1999; 18: 3044-3053Google Scholar, 18Sanz L. Diaz-Meco M.T. Nakano H. Moscat J. EMBO J. 2000; 19: 1576-1586Google Scholar, 19Wooten M.W. Seibenhener M.L. Mamidipudi V. Diaz-Meco M.T. Barker P.A. Moscat J. J. Biol. Chem. 2001; 276: 7709-7712Google Scholar). Par6 was initially identified as a product of par-6, one of the par genes, which is essential for asymmetric cell division in the early embryo of Caenorhabditis elegans (20Watts J.L. Etemad-Moghadam B. Guo S. Boyd L. Draper B.W. Mello C.C. Priess J.R. Kemphues K.J. Development. 1996; 122: 3133-3140Google Scholar). The aPKC-Par6 complex is conserved from nematodes to mammals as a cell polarity regulator (5Ohno S. Curr. Opin. Cell Biol. 2001; 13: 641-648Google Scholar, 21Wodarz A. Nat. Cell Biol. 2002; 4: E39-E44Google Scholar) and is involved in various cell polarity-related processes, such as asymmetric cell division (22Cai Y. Yu F. Lin S. Chia W. Yang X. Cell. 2003; 112: 51-62Google Scholar, 23Betschinger J. Mechtler K. Knoblich J.A. Nature. 2003; 422: 326-330Google Scholar), directed cell migration (24Etienne-Manneville S. Hall A. Nature. 2003; 421: 753-756Google Scholar, 25Plant P.J. Fawcett J.P. Lin D.C. Holdorf A.D. Binns K. Kulkarni S. Pawson T. Nat. Cell Biol. 2003; 5: 301-308Google Scholar), axon specification (26Shi S.H. Jan L.Y. Jan Y.N. Cell. 2003; 112: 63-75Google Scholar), and tight junction formation (27Izumi Y. Hirose T. Tamai Y. Hirai S. Nagashima Y. Fujimoto T. Tabuse Y. Kemphues K.J. Ohno S. J. Cell Biol. 1998; 143: 95-106Google Scholar, 28Suzuki A. Yamanaka T. Hirose T. Manabe N. Mizuno K. Shimizu M. Akimoto K. Izumi Y. Ohnishi T. Ohno S. J. Cell Biol. 2000; 152: 1183-1196Google Scholar, 29Yamanaka T. Horikoshi Y. Suzuki A. Sugiyama Y. Kitamura K. Maniwa R. Nagai Y. Yamashita A. Hirose T. Ishikawa H. Ohno S. Genes Cells. 2001; 6: 721-731Google Scholar, 30Gao L. Joberty G. Macara I.G. Curr. Biol. 2002; 12: 221-225Google Scholar, 31Hurd T.W. Gao L. Roh M.H. Macara I.G. Margolis B. Nat. Cell Biol. 2003; 5: 137-142Google Scholar), wherein the aPKC-Par6 complex shows a specific localization in each signaling process. A defect in PB1-PB1 interaction between aPKC and Par6 results in incomplete localization (32Noda Y. Kohjima M. Izaki T. Ota K. Yoshinaga S. Inagaki F. Ito T. Sumimoto H. J. Biol. Chem. 2003; 278: 43516-43524Google Scholar). The PB1 domain is evolutionarily conserved from yeasts to humans, especially in the context of cell polarity-related proteins (9Ito T. Matsui Y. Ago T. Ota K. Sumimoto H. EMBO J. 2001; 20: 3938-3946Google Scholar, 33Ponting C.P. Ito T. Moscat J. Diaz-Meco M.T. Inagaki F. Sumimoto H. Trends Biochem. Sci. 2002; 27: 10Google Scholar) and is classified into two types, type I and type II (34Yoshinaga S. Kohjima M. Ogura K. Yokochi M. Takeya R. Ito T. Sumimoto H. Inagaki F. EMBO J. 2003; 22: 4888-4897Google Scholar). Type I contains a motif of 28 amino acid residues with highly conserved acidic and hydrophobic residues that is named a PC motif (35Nakamura R. Sumimoto H. Mizuki K. Hata K. Ago T. Kitajima S. Takeshige K. Sakaki Y. Ito T. Eur. J. Biochem. 1998; 251: 583-589Google Scholar). This name is derived from the fact that the motif occurs in mammalian p40phox and budding yeast Cdc24p. The PC motif is also known as OPR (octicosapeptide repeat) (36Ponting C.P. Protein Sci. 1996; 5: 2353-2357Google Scholar) or AID (atypical PKC interaction domain) (4Moscat J. Diaz-Meco M.T. EMBO Rep. 2000; 1: 399-403Google Scholar) and is generically named the OPCA (OPR, PC, and AID) motif (33Ponting C.P. Ito T. Moscat J. Diaz-Meco M.T. Inagaki F. Sumimoto H. Trends Biochem. Sci. 2002; 27: 10Google Scholar). Type I utilizes acidic residues on the OPCA motif as an interaction site, whereas type II utilizes a conserved lysine residue on the side opposite to the OPCA motif-presenting surface as its interaction site, suggesting that the PB1-PB1 interaction is mainly electrostatic (9Ito T. Matsui Y. Ago T. Ota K. Sumimoto H. EMBO J. 2001; 20: 3938-3946Google Scholar, 37Terasawa H. Noda Y. Ito T. Hatanaka H. Ichikawa S. Ogura K. Sumimoto H. Inagaki F. EMBO J. 2001; 20: 3947-3956Google Scholar) but also highly specific and exclusive (9Ito T. Matsui Y. Ago T. Ota K. Sumimoto H. EMBO J. 2001; 20: 3938-3946Google Scholar). Moreover, some PB1 domains such as aPKC and ZIP/p62 contain the OPCA motif and the conserved lysine residue and are classified as type I and type II (Fig. 1) (34Yoshinaga S. Kohjima M. Ogura K. Yokochi M. Takeya R. Ito T. Sumimoto H. Inagaki F. EMBO J. 2003; 22: 4888-4897Google Scholar). The OPCA motif of aPKC and the conserved lysine residue of ZIP/p62 were reported to be responsible for aPKC-ZIP/p62 complex formation (38Wilson M.I. Gill D.J. Perisic O. Quinn M.T. Williams R.L. Mol. Cell. 2003; 12: 39-50Google Scholar, 39Lamark T. Perander M. Outzen H. Kristiansen K. Øvervatn A. Michaelsen E. Bjørkøy G. Johansen T. J. Biol. Chem. 2003; 278: 34568-34581Google Scholar). On the other hand, aPKC uses the conserved lysine residue for interaction with the OPCA motif of MEK5 (32Noda Y. Kohjima M. Izaki T. Ota K. Yoshinaga S. Inagaki F. Ito T. Sumimoto H. J. Biol. Chem. 2003; 278: 43516-43524Google Scholar), suggesting that the aPKC PB1 domain functions as type I and type II. To elucidate the structural properties of the PB1 domain of aPKC and the interaction mode with its binding partners on the basis of the tertiary structure, we determined the solution structure of the PB1 domain of aPKC, PKCι, by NMR and discussed the biological implications of the PB1-PB1 interaction. Preparation of PKCι-(16–99)—Complementary DNA fragments encoding PKCι and ZIP/p62 were prepared as described previously (9Ito T. Matsui Y. Ago T. Ota K. Sumimoto H. EMBO J. 2001; 20: 3938-3946Google Scholar). Human PKCι-(16–99) was expressed in Escherichia coli strain BL21 (DE3) cells as a glutathione S-transferase (GST) fusion protein. PKCι-(16–99) was first purified by affinity chromatography using glutathione-Sepharose 4B resin (Amersham Biosciences). Following cleavage with PreScission protease (Amersham Biosciences), PKCι-(16–99) was purified by gel filtration on a Superdex75 prep grade column (Amersham Biosciences). 13C and 15N uniformly labeled proteins were prepared in M9 medium with 15NH4Cl (1 g/liter; Shoko), [U-13C]glucose (2 g/liter; Shoko), and Celtone-CN powder (1 g/liter; Martek Biosciences). The purified PKCι-(16–99) was concentrated to 1 mm in 90% H2O/10% D2O or 100% D2O containing 50 mm phosphate (pH 7.0), 150 mm NaCl, 5 mm dithiothreitol, and 0.05% (w/v) NaN3. NMR Spectroscopy—All NMR measurements were carried out at 25 °C on a Varian UnityPlus 600 or a Unity Inova 600 spectrometer, each equipped with three radio frequency channels and a triple-resonance pulsed field gradient probe. The sequential assignments of 1H, 13C, and 15N resonances were made using through-bond heteronuclear correlations along the backbones and side chains with the pulse sequences three-dimensional HNCO, three-dimensional HN(CO)CA, three-dimensional HNCA, three-dimensional CBCA(CO)NH, three-dimensional HNCACB, three-dimensional HBHA(CBCACO)NH, three-dimensional C(CO)NH (40Cavanagh J. Fairbrother W.J. Palmer III, A.G. Skelton N.J. Protein NMR Spectroscopy. Academic Press, San Diego, CA1996Google Scholar), and four-dimensional HCCH-total correlated spectroscopy (41Olejniczak E.T. Xu R.X. Fesik S.W. J. Biomol. NMR. 1992; 2: 655-659Google Scholar) recorded on the 13C/15N-labeled sample. Distance information between protons was obtained from three-dimensional 15N-edited and 13C-edited NOE spectroscopy (40Cavanagh J. Fairbrother W.J. Palmer III, A.G. Skelton N.J. Protein NMR Spectroscopy. Academic Press, San Diego, CA1996Google Scholar) recorded with a mixing time of 75 ms on the 13C/15N-labeled sample. Structure Calculations—The NMRPipe software suite (42Delaglio F. Grzesiek S. Vuister G.W. Zhu G. Pfeifer J. Bax A. J. Biomol. NMR. 1995; 6: 277-293Google Scholar) was used to process the NMR data and pick the resonance peaks. Semiautomatic assignment of the resonance peaks of each amino acid residue was carried out using the Olivia (objective, chemical shift library-based and stereo view assignment) software developed in our laboratory. 2M. Yokochi, S. Yuzawa, S. Yoshinaga, Y. Kobashigawa, S. Yoshida, and F. Inagaki, manuscript in preparation. The crystallography and NMR system software program (43Brünger A.T. Adams P.D. Clore G.M. DeLano W.L. Gros P. Grosse-Kunstleve R.W. Jiang J.-S. Kuszewski J. Nilges M. Pannu N.S. Read R.J. Rice L.M. Simonson T. Warren G.L. Acta Crystallogr. Sect. D Biol. Crystallogr. 1998; 54: 905-921Google Scholar) with the ARIA module (44Nilges M. Macias M.J. O'Donoghue S.I. Oschkinat H. J. Mol. Biol. 1997; 269: 408-422Google Scholar) was used to assign NOE peaks and calculate structures. A total of 48 ϕ and 8 Ψ values were estimated on the basis of HN, C′, Cα, and Cβ chemical shifts by the TALOS program (45Cornilescu G. Delaglio F. Bax A. J. Biomol. NMR. 1999; 13: 289-302Google Scholar). The restraint range was extended to ± 30° for the residues located in α-helices or β-strands. The distance constraints of hydrogen bonds were incorporated based on the characteristic NOE patterns. The restraints used for structural calculations are summarized in Table I. The structural calculations in combination with iterative NOE peak assignments were performed for nine cycles, and a total of 100 structures was finally obtained. The mean coordinates were obtained by averaging the coordinates of the 20 lowest energy structures. The coordinates of PKCι PB1 (16–99) have been deposited in the Protein Data Bank (accession code 1VD2).Table IStructure calculation restraints and structural statistics Abbreviations used here that are not defined elsewhere are: r.m.s.d., root mean square deviation; vdw, van der Waals; cdih, constrained dihedral (energy).Number of experimental restraintsTotal unambiguous distance restraints1315Intra-residual654Sequential (|i – j| = 1)201Medium range (2 ≤ |i – j| ≤ 4)97Long range (5 ≤ |i – j|)363Ambiguous distance restraints177Dihedral angle restraintsφ, 48; ψ, 8Hydrogen bonds27Structural statisticsR.m.s.d. from mean coordinateaAnalysis is applied to the residues with the exception of the protease cleavage site (11–16), the flexible loops (85–91), and the C-terminal (99) regionBackbone (N, Cα, C′) (Å)0.41Heavy atoms (Å)0.85R.m.s.d. from experimental restraintsNOE distances (Å)0.006 ± 0Dihedral angles (°)0.161 ± 0.034R.m.s.d. from idealized geometryBonds (Å)0.001 ± 0Angles (°)0.263 ± 0.003Impropers (°)1.22 ± 0.08Final energiesEoverall (kcal/mol)68.34 ± 1.96Ebonds (kcal/mol)1.30 ± 0.09Eangles (kcal/mol)27.08 ± 0.54Eimproper (kcal/mol)1.71 ± 0.24Evdw (kcal/mol)35.45 ± 1.48Enoe (kcal/mol)2.72 ± 0.49Ecdih (kcal/mol)0.09 ± 0.04Ramachandran analysisaAnalysis is applied to the residues with the exception of the protease cleavage site (11–16), the flexible loops (85–91), and the C-terminal (99) region,bNon-Gly/Pro residues for the mean coordinate. The program PROCHECK-NMR (52) was used to assess the quality of the structure (analyzed by PROCHECK-NMR)Residues in most favored regions (%)79.8Residues in additionally allowed regions (%)19.0Residues in generously allowed regions (%)1.2Residues in disallowed regions (%)0.0a Analysis is applied to the residues with the exception of the protease cleavage site (11–16), the flexible loops (85–91), and the C-terminal (99) regionb Non-Gly/Pro residues for the mean coordinate. The program PROCHECK-NMR (52Laskowski R.A. Rullmann J.A.C. MacArther M.W. Kaptein R. Thornton J.M. J. Biomol. NMR. 1996; 8: 477-486Google Scholar) was used to assess the quality of the structure Open table in a new tab The figures of the superimposed 20 structures were prepared using the MOLMOL program (46Koradi R. Billeter M. Wüthrich K. J. Mol. Graph. 1996; 14: 51-55Google Scholar). The molecular surface model was generated by the GRASP program (47Nicholls A. Sharp K.A. Honig B. Proteins. 1991; 11: 281-296Google Scholar), and the ribbon model was generated using the PyMOL program (pymol.sourceforge.net/). In Vitro Pull-down Binding Assay—The constructs of various mutants of PKCι-(16–99) and rat ZIP/p62-(1–98) were prepared by PCR-mediated site-directed mutagenesis. The PCR products of PKCι variants were ligated to pGEX6P (Amersham Biosciences), and those of ZIP/p62 variants were ligated to pMAL (New England Biolabs). All of the constructs were sequenced to confirm their identities. The proteins were expressed in Escherichia coli strain BL21 (DE3) cells and purified with glutathione-Sepharose 4B (Amersham Biosciences) resin for a GST fusion protein or with amylose resin (New England Biolabs) for a maltose binding protein (MBP) fusion protein, respectively. For in vitro pull-down binding assays, the purified PKCι variants and ZIP/p62 variants were mixed in phosphate-buffered saline and incubated at 4 °C for 3 h. Subsequently, a slurry of glutathione-Sepharose 4B was added, followed by further incubation at 4 °C for 2 h. After washing three times with phosphate-buffered saline containing 0.1% Triton X-100, proteins were eluted with 20 mm glutathione in 50 mm Tris-HCl buffer (pH 8.0). The eluates were subjected to 18% SDS-PAGE and stained with Coomassie Brilliant Blue. We evaluated the binding affinity by densitometric analysis of the bands in the SDS-PAGE using NIH Image software as described previously (37Terasawa H. Noda Y. Ito T. Hatanaka H. Ichikawa S. Ogura K. Sumimoto H. Inagaki F. EMBO J. 2001; 20: 3947-3956Google Scholar). Identification of the aPKC PB1 Domain Boundaries Required for Interaction with ZIP/p62—Although a minimum sequence of the PB1 domain of PKCι corresponding to 17–98 amino acids is expected from the sequence alignment of the PB1 domain (Fig. 1), the binding assays for an aPKC-ZIP/p62 complex formation have been performed using a much longer construct of PKCι-(1–107) (7Puls A. Schmidt S. Grawe F. Stabel S. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A. 1997; 94: 6191-6196Google Scholar, 9Ito T. Matsui Y. Ago T. Ota K. Sumimoto H. EMBO J. 2001; 20: 3938-3946Google Scholar, 32Noda Y. Kohjima M. Izaki T. Ota K. Yoshinaga S. Inagaki F. Ito T. Sumimoto H. J. Biol. Chem. 2003; 278: 43516-43524Google Scholar, 38Wilson M.I. Gill D.J. Perisic O. Quinn M.T. Williams R.L. Mol. Cell. 2003; 12: 39-50Google Scholar, 39Lamark T. Perander M. Outzen H. Kristiansen K. Øvervatn A. Michaelsen E. Bjørkøy G. Johansen T. J. Biol. Chem. 2003; 278: 34568-34581Google Scholar). Interestingly, p40phox PB1 required more C-terminally extended residues out of the alignment in order to interact with p67phox PB1, whereas Cdc24p PB1 did not require such a residual region to bind with Bem1p PB1 (35Nakamura R. Sumimoto H. Mizuki K. Hata K. Ago T. Kitajima S. Takeshige K. Sakaki Y. Ito T. Eur. J. Biochem. 1998; 251: 583-589Google Scholar). These results imply diversity and mutual specificity in the PB1-PB1 interaction. Thus, we expressed both constructs of PKCι-(16–99) and PKCι-(1–107) in E. coli strain BL21 (DE3) cells as GST fusion proteins. The results of an in vitro pull-down binding assay revealed that PKCι-(16–99) bound with ZIP/p62 to an extent similar to that of PKCι-(1–107). Thus, PKCι-(16–99) was considered to be a functionally minimum region. This view was consistent with the experimental evidence that the degradation of PKCι-(1–107) occurred soon after the removal of GST by treatment with protease (data not shown). Furthermore, the 1H-15N heteronuclear single quantum correlation spectrum of PKCι-(16–99) was well dispersed, suggesting that PKCι-(16–99) corresponds to a structural domain (Fig. 2B). We concluded that any region of PKCι that extended out of the PB1 domain did not contribute to the interaction with ZIP/p62, and, thus, PKCι-(16–99) is more suitable for structure determination than PKCι-(1–107). Therefore, we started to determine the tertiary structure of PKCι-(16–99) (hereafter referred to as PKCι PB1) in solution by NMR. Recently, the NMR assignment of PKCι-(1–113) was reported (48Roehrl M.H. Hyberts S.G. Sun Z.Y. Fields A.P. Wagner G. J. Biomol. NMR. 2003; 26: 373-374Google Scholar). In that 1H-15N heteronuclear single quantum correlation spectrum, the cross-peaks corresponding to the regions outside of PKCι-(16–99) were either absent or located at the random coil region, a finding that is consistent with our result that the PKCι-(16–99) is a structural domain. Structure of the PKCι PB1 Domain—The assignments of 1H, 15N, and 13C NMR resonances were accomplished through the analyses of a suit of the NMR spectra described under “Experimental Procedures.” The structure of PKCι PB1 was determined on the basis of 1492 NOE-derived interproton distance restraints, 56 dihedral angle restraints, and 27 hydrogen bond restraints. A total of 100 structures was calculated, and the 20 lowest energy structures were evaluated. The residues derived from the PreScission protease cleavage site (N-terminal five residues, GPLGS) and the loop between α2 and β5 were flexible because of a lack of long range NOEs. For residues 17–84 and 92–98, the root mean square deviation from the mean structure was 0.41 Å for the backbone Cα, C′, and N atoms, indicating that the backbone of PKCι PB1 was well defined, as illustrated in Fig. 3A. The number of the experimental restraints and the structural statistics of PKCι PB1 are summarized in Table I. The PKCι PB1 domain contains two α-helices (α1, residues 38–49; α2, 74–84) and a mixed β-sheet that consists of five β-strands (β1, residues 17–22; β2, 27–32; β3, 58–62; β4, 68–70; β5, 92–97). The inner two strands, β1 and β5, are parallel, whereas β2, β3, and β4 run in an antiparallel manner. PKCι PB1 takes on a ubiquitin fold on which the OPCA motif is presented. The OPCA motif of PKCι (Leu-56–Leu-83) has a ββα fold, and each of the side chains of Trp-61 and Pro-68 is located on the opposite side of the β-sheet, which forms a hydrophobic core. The β-hairpin between β3 and β4 forms a characteristic turn, referred to as a type I + G1 β-bulge, so that the side chains of the two conserved Asp residues (Asp-63 and Asp-67) orient to the same side to form an acidic surface. Additional residues Glu-64, Glu-65, Glu-76, and Glu-79 in the OPCA motif also contribute to form this acidic surface, the characteristic interaction site of the type I PB1 domain. The tertiary structures of the PKCι and Cdc24p PB1 domains confirm that the OPCA motif has not only sequence similarity but also structural similarity, and, accordingly, PKCι PB1 appears to serve as a type I PB1 domain. Mutational Analysis to Test for Interactions between aPKC and ZIP/p62—The present structural analysis suggests that the OPCA motif in PKCι PB1 can interact with ZIP/p62 PB1. Thus, we performed mutational analysis using an in vitro pulldown binding assay (Fig. 4). Because the conserved Asp residue in the type I PB1 domain was known to be an essential residue, Asp-63 of PKCι and Asp-67 of ZIP/p62 were substituted with Ala. The conserved lysine residue (Lys-20 of PKCι and Lys-7 of ZIP/p62), which is essential in the type II PB1 domain, was also substituted with Ala. We evaluated the effects of these mutations on PKCι-ZIP/p62 complex formation. The D63A mutant of PKCι PB1 abolished the interaction with ZIP/p62 PB1, whereas the K20A mutant of PKCι PB1 had no effect on the binding with ZIP/p62 PB1. Thus, the OPCA motif in PKCι was revealed to be responsible for the interaction with ZIP/p62 PB1, confirming that PKCι PB1 serves as a type I PB1 domain. On the other hand, the K7A mutant of ZIP/p62 PB1 disrupted the ability to bind with PKCι PB1, but the D67A mutant of ZIP/p62 PB1 bound with PKCι PB1. The mobility of the K20A mutant of PKCι-(16–99) was retarded as compared with that of the wild-type protein. The mutant protein would be expected to undergo a mobility shift in the opposite direction, because abnormal retardation of migration on SDS-PAGE is usually considered to be associated with a high proportion of basic amino acids (49Coligan J.E. Dunn B.E. Ploegh H.L. Speicher D.W. Wingfield P.T. Current Protocols in Protein Science. John Wiley & Sons, Inc., New York1997Google Scholar). Although the reason for this discrepancy is presently unknown, it may be due to intramolecular hydrophobic interactions, which can sometimes affect the mobility of proteins in SDS-PAGE (49Coligan J.E. Dunn B.E. Ploegh H.L. Speicher D.W. Wingfield P.T. Current Protocols in Protein Science. John Wiley & Sons, Inc., New York1997Google Scholar). Therefore, ZIP/p62 PB1 binds with PKCι as a type II PB1 domain. Recently Wilson et al. and Lamark et al. independently reported the results of a binding assay of aPKC-ZIP/p62 and their mutants that were similar to ours (38Wilson M.I. Gill D.J. Perisic O. Quinn M.T. Williams R.L. Mol. Cell. 2003; 12: 39-50Google Scholar, 39Lamark T. Perander M. Outzen H. Kristiansen K. Øvervatn A. Michaelsen E. Bjørkøy G. Johansen T. J. Biol. Chem. 2003; 278: 34568-34581Google Scholar). Both results strongly support the notion that the OPCA motif in PKCι PB1 interacts with the conserved lysine residue in ZIP/p62 PB1 as a typical PB1-PB1 interaction. Interaction Surface of aPKC PB1 as a Type I PB1 Domain— The electrostatic surface potential of PKCι PB1 is shown in Fig. 5A. The conserved acidic residues in the OPCA motif form two acidic surfaces, wherein Asp-63, Glu-64, Glu-65, and Asp-67 form one acidic surface, and Glu-76 and Glu-79, located on the N-terminal region of α2, form the other. These two acidic surfaces are common features of the type I PB1 domain (34Yoshinaga S. Kohjima M. Ogura K. Yokochi M. Takeya R. Ito T. Sumimoto H. Inagaki F. EMBO J. 2003; 22: 4888-4897Google Scholar). Because the interaction surface of PKCι PB1 is highly acidic, the cognate binding region of ZIP/p62 PB1 should present a basic surface. Considering the alignment and topology of the ZIP/p62 PB1 domain, basic residues on β2 and β5 surround the conserved lysine residue, Lys-7, on β1, suggesting that such basic residues on β2 and β5 seem to assist the PB1-PB1 interaction. Thus, we prepared several mutants where the basic residues on β2 and β5 were replaced by alanine residues, namely the R94A mutant and the R21A/R22A double mutant of ZIP/p62 PB1. We evaluated the effects of these mutations on the formation of the PKCι-ZIP/p62 complex. The R21A/R22A double mutant of ZIP/p62 PB1 showed an apparent decrease in binding affinity with PKCι PB1, suggesting that Arg-21 or Arg-22 or both are involved in the interaction between PKCι PB1 and ZIP/p62 PB1. The R94A mutant also showed an appreciably weaker interaction with PKCι PB1, but the D67A mutation had no effect. These results, taken together, support the notion that ZIP/p62 PB1 serves as a type II PB1 domain and that the basic residues on β2 and β5 (Arg-21 and Arg-22 on β2 and Arg-94 on β5) as well as the Lys-7 of ZIP/p62 PB1 interact with the acidic residues on the OPCA motif of PKCι PB1. Interaction Surface of aPKC PB1 as a Type II PB1 Domain— aPKC PB1 is known to bind with MEK5 PB1, where aPKC PB1 accepts the OPCA motif in MEK5 PB1, thus serving as a type II PB1 domain in the aPKC-MEK5 complex (32Noda Y. Kohjima M. Izaki T. Ota K. Yoshinaga S. Inagaki F. Ito T. Sumimoto H. J. Biol. Chem. 2003; 278: 43516-43524Google Scholar). The structure of PKCι PB1 demonstrates that the conserved lysine residue (Lys-20) is exposed, which enables Lys-20 to interact with the OPCA motif of MEK5 PB1 (Fig. 6). The interaction surface of the type II PB1 domain presented on Bem1p PB1 (37Terasawa H. Noda Y. Ito T. Hatanaka H. Ichikawa S. Ogura K. Sumimoto H. Inagaki F. EMBO J. 2001; 20: 3947-3956Google Scholar) and p67phox PB1 (38Wilson M.I. Gill D.J. Perisic O. Quinn M.T. Williams R.L. Mol. Cell. 2003; 12: 39-50Google Scholar) is mainly composed of β1, β2, and α1, and, additionally, β5 in p67phox PB1. Accordingly, the interaction surface of PKCι PB1 with MEK5 can be restricted to the same region. The expected interaction surface of the type II PKCι PB1 domain is shown in Fig. 6 and is comprised of positively charged residues on β1 (Arg-18 and Lys-20), hydrophobic residues such as Ile-27 and Ile-29 on β2, and acidic residues on α1 (Glu-44 and Asp-47). α1in PKCι PB1 uniquely presents a negatively charged surface in contrast to those of Bem1p PB1 (37Terasawa H. Noda Y. Ito T. Hatanaka H. Ichikawa S. Ogura K. Sumimoto H. Inagaki F. EMBO J. 2001; 20: 3947-3956Google Scholar) and p67phox PB1 (38Wilson M.I. Gill D.J. Perisic O. Quinn M.T. Williams R.L. Mol. Cell. 2003; 12: 39-50Google Scholar), which present positively charged surfaces (Fig. 6). Thus, in the case of PKCι PB1, neither self-oligomerization using both the OPCA motif and Lys-20 occurs, nor is Lys-20 involved in an interaction with ZIP/p62 PB1 as the type II PB1 domain. In this respect, the negatively charged α1 of PKCι may confer its specificity toward MEK5. Further structural study is required to elucidate this specific interaction. Structural Comparison among the PB1 Domains—The type I and type II PB1 domains form a complex using different regions regardless of their high structural similarity. We compared the structure of the PKCι PB1 domains with those of the Cdc24p and Bem1p PB1 domains and also with ubiquitin using the DALI search engine (50Holm L. Sander C. J. Mol. Biol. 1993; 233: 123-138Google Scholar) (Fig. 7). PKCι PB1 is highly similar to both Cdc24p PB1 (root mean square deviation 1.4 Å) and Bem1p PB1 (root mean square deviation 1.7 Å). All form a ubiquitin-like β-grasp fold. Despite the overall structural similarity among the PB1 domains, the structure of the OPCA motif comprising the ββα fold and the turn classified as the type I + G1 β-bulge is unique to the PKCι and Cdc24p PB1 domains, which are classified as type I PB1 domains. On the other hand, the opposite surface defined as the interacting portion of the type II PB1 domain is quite similar to the equivalent portion of the type I PB1 domain and is also similar to the equivalent region of ubiquitin. However, the lysine residue in β1 is absolutely conserved only in type II PB1 domains and is substituted with arginine in type I PB1 domains (Fig. 1). It should be noted that aPKC PB1 and ZIP/p62 PB1, containing both the OPCA motif and the conserved lysine residue, can be expected to serve as type I and type II PB1 domains. Specificity of PB1-PB1 Interaction and Its Biological Implication—The electrostatic surface of the OPCA motif in Cdc24p presents two acidic surfaces split by the hydrophobic residues Val-826 and Val-836. Consistent with its surface, the expected interaction surface of Bem1p is composed of two basic surfaces on β1 and α1 divided by the hydrophobic residues of β2. Thus, the interaction surfaces between the type I and type II PB1 domains are complementary (34Yoshinaga S. Kohjima M. Ogura K. Yokochi M. Takeya R. Ito T. Sumimoto H. Inagaki F. EMBO J. 2003; 22: 4888-4897Google Scholar). Although the interaction between two acidic surfaces in the type I PB1 domain and the two basic surfaces in the type II PB1 domain is canonical, the PB1-PB1 interaction uses additional interaction surfaces. The recently determined structure of the p40phox PB1-p67phox PB1 complex revealed that the C-terminal extension out of the p40phox PB1 domain is involved in the interaction with p67phox PB1, where an extensive region that includes β5 of p 67 phox PB1 is used as a binding site (38Wilson M.I. Gill D.J. Perisic O. Quinn M.T. Williams R.L. Mol. Cell. 2003; 12: 39-50Google Scholar) in addition to the canonical interaction. In the aPKC-ZIP/p62 PB1 complex, β5 of the ZIP/p62 PB1 domain probably interacts with the OPCA motif of aPKC, because the region extending out of the aPKC PB1 domain is not required for the interaction. This implies that the interaction between aPKC and ZIP/p62 may differ from that of p40phox and p67phox. Such diversity in interactions in the PB1-PB1 complex gives specificity to the PB1-PB1 interaction. The identification of the type I and type II PB1 surfaces on the opposite sides of aPKC implies that aPKC may bind with both ZIP/p62 and MEK5 in a ternary complex. MEK5 and aPKC form a complex in an epidermal growth factor-dependent manner, and the formation of the complex is required to activate extracellular signal-regulated kinase 5 (ERK5) (14Diaz-Meco M.T. Moscat J. Mol. Cell. Biol. 2001; 4: 1218-1227Google Scholar). ZIP/p62 is also reported to be involved in ERK5 activation downstream of TrkA in NGF (51Geetha T. Wooten M.W. J. Biol. Chem. 2003; 278: 4730-4739Google Scholar). Thus, the biological relationship in vivo and the PB1-PB1 interaction in vitro suggest that aPKC, ZIP/p62, and MEK5 form a ternary complex through the PB1-PB1 interaction and function cooperatively upstream of ERK5. Conclusion—The structure of aPKC PB1 has the typical features of type I PB1 domains in that the conserved acidic residues in the OPCA motif form two conserved acidic surfaces. Moreover, mutational analysis confirmed that aPKC served as the type I PB1 domain and that ZIP/p62 served as the type II PB1 domain in the aPKC-ZIP/p62 PB1 complex formation. The acidic surface in the type I PB1 domain and the basic surface in the type II PB1 domain are utilized for the canonical interaction in the PB1-PB1 complex formation. However, additional sites are used for specific interactions. This gives diversity and specificity to the PB1-PB1 interaction. The aPKC is known to serve as the type II PB1 domain in the aPKC-MEK5 PB1 complex. The structure of aPKC PB1 shows that the conserved lysine residue in the type II PB1 domain is exposed to interact with the OPCA motif. Notably, α1 of aPKC presents an acidic surface in contrast to the basic surface in Bem1p PB1 or p67phox PB1 (Fig. 6). Such variation in the electrostatic surface potential may also contribute to the specificity of the PB1-PB1 interaction. In addition, the surface potential of aPKC eliminates the possibility of self-oligomerization of the aPKC PB1 domain." @default.
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• W2068482350 title "Solution Structure of Atypical Protein Kinase C PB1 Domain and Its Mode of Interaction with ZIP/p62 and MEK5" @default.
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