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- W2070146701 abstract "> Its not stress that kills us, it is our reaction to it.> > Hans Selye (1998)Human bodies may seem like ideal multiplication sites for microorganisms; stable and convenient temperature, sufficient food supply, oxygenated environment, and without any other microbial competitors or predators. However, in fact, the pathogenic life style is probably one of the most stressful ones. To survive and multiply within a host, pathogens are under continuous and different forms of stress. The human immune system and the environment that bacteria live and survive in are limiting the growth conditions of microorganisms in almost any possible way. The defense system of the host is much more than just the adaptive immune system, which traditionally has received most attention. These systems have evolved over millions of years to clear the host from every single invading foreign evader, pathogen or not. In fact, only those microorganisms that can resist these limiting systems can be called pathogens, all other organisms are cleared rapidly.What we are observing today is adaptations upon adaptations; evolution is never finished, as explained in the red queen hypothesis (Van Valen, 1973). This continuous battle between adaptations in the host and the microorganism makes it that from a microorganism's point of view, stress is always there. The right response to stress will determine whether the pathogen will succeed to successfully infect the host or not. In this ongoing battle, horizontal gene transfer and genome variability is an important weapon, but some pathogens seem to be able to survive without this mechanism. In this special issue, we take a closer look at pathogen stress and stress adaptation. In this volume, we have omitted the topic of stress and the adaptive immune system, …" @default.
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- W2070146701 date "2014-11-01" @default.
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- W2070146701 title "Pathogens under stress" @default.
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- W2070146701 doi "https://doi.org/10.1111/1574-6976.12090" @default.
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