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- W2070147265 abstract "<dm:abstracts xmlns:dm=http://www.elsevier.com/xml/dm/dtd><ce:abstract xmlns:ce=http://www.elsevier.com/xml/common/dtd view=all class=author id=aep-abstract-id5><ce:section-title>Publisher Summary</ce:section-title><ce:abstract-sec view=all id=aep-abstract-sec-id6><ce:simple-para id=fsabs004 view=all>Various aspects of early plasma physics and chemistry are discussed in the chapter. Scientists used “frictional electricity” to study the chemistry in electric sparks and plasmas before 1800. After the invention of the voltaic battery in 1800 by A. Volta, the study of the chemistry in electric arcs rapidly developed. Since the mid 1800s, there have been a number of studies of glow discharges and the spectral emission from the glows. The first glow (gas) discharge “vacuum tube” was made by M. Faraday in 1838, using brass electrodes and a vacuum of approximately 2 Torr. In the late 1930s, an electron trap, which used a combination of electric and magnetic fields parallel to the surface called the “Penning effect,” was used to enhance the plasmas near the surface in sputtering from cylindrical-hollow (inverted) magnetrons and cylindrical-post magnetrons. The Penning effect was incorporated into a number of other applications, such as vacuum gauges, sputter-ion pumps, and microwave tubes. The time and rate of diffusion of ions to a surface determines the lifetime (decay time) of the plasma after the power to sustain the plasma is cutoff. The lifetime of the plasma can be extended by using a magnetic field to confine the plasma away from surfaces.</ce:simple-para></ce:abstract-sec></ce:abstract></dm:abstracts>" @default.
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- W2070147265 title "Radio-dynamics: Another verification of prediction" @default.
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