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• W2070568405 abstract "A new book widens awareness of the potential impact of plummeting numbers of many bees and the continuing mystery of colony collapse disorder. Nigel Williams reports. A new book widens awareness of the potential impact of plummeting numbers of many bees and the continuing mystery of colony collapse disorder. Nigel Williams reports. Bee numbers are in decline across large parts of the world. In parts of Szechuan, in western China, people are already having to take on the role of bees. Local people prepare feather dusters to obtain the pollen from their pear trees to distribute it later on the stigma of the pear flowers to ensure a decent crop of the fruit in the autumn. Traditionally, growers have relied on the pollination power of bees for such a task, but as Alison Benjamin and Brian McCallum point out in their new book, A World Without Bees, collapsing numbers of both honeybees and bumblebees in the northern hemisphere, may mean major trouble for farmers and the wider natural environment in the years ahead. Bees are undoubtedly declining and a new condition — CCD — is attracting increasing attention. Colony Collapse Disorder is a condition affecting honeybee colonies, characterised by a sudden change from a healthy hive to a hive empty of workers with no sign of what has caused the devastating outcome. A few dead bees are found in or around the colony and sometimes the queen is left alone in the hive, slowly starving to death with no workers to feed her or care for her offspring. The bees might have seemed fine just weeks beforehand, and large stores of healthy honey are left behind. No common disease, infection or parasite has been found in the insects, their environment, food or hives. The disorder, first noticed in Florida, has spread across the continent and has now been found in parts of Europe. A minister in Britain has raised the fear that the honeybee is in danger of dying out within the next 10 years. US apiarists have reported the loss of up to 90 per cent of their hives. As many key crops are dependent on pollination by bees, their decline poses a serious threat. The Californian almond crop is entirely bee-pollinated, as are alfalfa, soya beans, cotton, sunflowers, apples, cherries and onions. A World Without Bees attempts to explain the scope of the problem, starting with the discovery in Florida in 2006 and moving on to the loss of one in four British colonies last winter. Chemical treatments are routinely used by professionals and hobbyists alike, and queens are flown around the world, mixing domestic and exotic strains with little or no regard for local conditions in the quest for a highly productive and hardy bee. The authors describe the workings of the industry in detail. They interview participants, provide catalogues of common practices and set today's approach in the context of the history of beekeeping. They also describe the parasites, such as the varroa infestation that kills off any uncared-for colony in Britain, making the British honeybee an entirely domesticated species. The success of A World Without Bees lies in its explanation of the challenges faced by the honeybee population and the intensiveness of commercial beekeeping, especially in the US. And the US is taking the problem increasingly seriously. In June, Edward Knipling of the US Department of Agriculture (USDA), told a hearing of the House of Representatives of the scale and seriousness of the problem of CCD. “Given the critical role played by honeybees and other pollinators in plant reproduction, resulting in $1.5 billion in added crop value to at least 30 per cent of our nation's crops, CCD poses a significant threat to the US beekeeping industry, food and honey production.” The condition was first reported by US beekeepers in 2006, but, by the next year, colony losses to CCD and other effects were reported at 31 per cent. “Surveys to date in the 2008 season indicate losses of about 36 per cent, which is about twice the percentage losses sustained during a typical winter,” Knipling told the house. “Numerous factors have been suggested as possible causes of the CCD malady,” he said. “These include viruses and other pathogens, parasites, environmental stresses, poor nutrition, transport stresses and pesticides among others.” But Benjamin and McCallum highlight the views of Dave Hackenberg, the beekeeper widely credited with the discovery of CCD in his hives in Florida. Hackenberg, they write, puts pesticides in the dock. He argues that bees have had viruses for years but a new type of nicotine-based pesticide is breaking down their immune system and causing CCD. “Imidacloprid is his prime suspect,” they report. “Not licensed in the US until 1994, it is now found almost everywhere from suburban lawns to apple orchards and sunflower fields,” they write. But “Bayer CropScience, the manufacturer, denies that its product is responsible for CCD and cites studies that support its conclusion,” they write. Whatever the particular cause of CCD, the issue is getting increasing profile and attention. As Knipling pointed out at the hearing, the USDA is stepping up research into CCD and funding through its extramural agency, CSREES, for bee health research. Funds almost doubled from $538,000 in 2006 to more than $1million in 2007 and the sum is expected to exceed $2.5 million in this fiscal year. While researchers pursue the puzzling loss of honeybees, the collapse in bumblebee numbers is more firmly linked to habitat loss as farmers no longer create the hay meadows and legume crops on which they so depend. Together, the decline in bees is beginning to ring alarm bells and highlight the significant impact they have both on crop species and many other flowering plants as well." @default.
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• W2070568405 title "Bee fears heighten" @default.
• W2070568405 doi "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cub.2008.08.003" @default.
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