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• W2071293346 endingPage "549" @default.
• W2071293346 startingPage "540" @default.
• W2071293346 abstract "Innate immune receptors carry out surveillance for infection threats and are a proximal controller of the threshold and intensity at which inflammatory responses occur. As such, they are a natural focus for understanding how inflammatory immune reactivity is regulated. This review highlights how little data there are relating to the effect of macroparasites on systemic innate receptor responses. The idea is developed that studies on innate immune function in wild animals exposed to a natural profile of infections, including macroparasites, might be a valuable model in which to test hypotheses about the ultimate cause of aberrant inflammation in modern human populations. Innate immune receptors carry out surveillance for infection threats and are a proximal controller of the threshold and intensity at which inflammatory responses occur. As such, they are a natural focus for understanding how inflammatory immune reactivity is regulated. This review highlights how little data there are relating to the effect of macroparasites on systemic innate receptor responses. The idea is developed that studies on innate immune function in wild animals exposed to a natural profile of infections, including macroparasites, might be a valuable model in which to test hypotheses about the ultimate cause of aberrant inflammation in modern human populations. Rodent of the subfamily Murinae supporting a diverse natural parasite fauna and occurring in forests, grasslands and cultivated fields across most of Western Europe. Host-derived conserved molecular patterns associated with damage to cells and tissues, which, via interactions with PRRs, trigger contingent immune responses. A ribonuclease protein with immunomodulatory properties expressed in eosinophils. Biomolecules in the secretions or excretions of parasitic organisms. Cell surface receptors binding to the fragment crystallizable (Fc) region of immunoglobulin molecules. Signalling networks dependent on ITAM motifs occurring in the cytosolic domains of transmembrane adapter proteins associated with immunoreceptors including FcRs, T-cell receptors and B-cell receptors. Protein kinases involved in signal transduction and regulation of signalling downstream of TLRs. Recruited following interaction between MyD88 and the TLR TIR domain. Protein kinases, including c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK), p38 and extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK), functioning in post TLR signalling by activating the transcription factor AP-1 (activating protein 1). A protein associated with TLR4 on the cell surface and involved in interactions between TLR4 and bacterial lipopolysaccharide. Major adaptor protein involved in signal transduction from all mammalian TLRs except TLR3. One of the transcription factors involved in inflammatory signalling pathways utilized by TLRs. A family of multidomain cytosolic PRR molecules detecting bacterial molecular patterns. C-terminal leucine rich repeats regions are involved in PAMP recognition. Conserved molecular patterns associated with broad types of pathogen (e.g. lipopolysaccharide from the cell walls of bacteria) that, via interactions with PRRs, trigger contingent immune responses. Germ line-determined host receptor molecules involved in innate immune surveillance and the initiation of immune responses. Monitor the internal host environment for the presence of certain molecular patterns (their ligands), translating this information, via a receptor-ligand interaction, into cellular signals that trigger contingent immune responses. Receptors activated by cleavage of an extracellular domain by serine proteases. Diverse biological functions but are widely expressed on immune system cells and modulate inflammatory responses. Lectins are a diverse set of proteins binding specifically to molecular patterns formed by sugar residues and generally involved in biological recognition phenomena, including functioning as PRRs in the recognition of pathogens. Those implicated in the recognition of helminth glycans include C-type lectins and galectin-3. Cytosolic RNA helicase PRR molecules that detect double-stranded RNA patterns produced during viral replication. Intensively studied family of trans-membrane PRR molecules detecting diverse microbial molecular patterns in endosomal or extracellular localities. Characterized by an external leucine-rich repeats region involved in ligand interactions and cytosolic signalling region (TIR domain). TLR-mediated signalling pathway dependent on the adapter protein TRIF (TIR-domain-containing adapter-inducing interferon-β) and independent of MyD88." @default.
• W2071293346 created "2016-06-24" @default.
• W2071293346 creator A5029545860 @default.
• W2071293346 creator A5069621893 @default.
• W2071293346 creator A5085693710 @default.
• W2071293346 date "2010-11-01" @default.
• W2071293346 modified "2023-10-17" @default.
• W2071293346 title "Macroparasites, innate immunity and immunoregulation: developing natural models" @default.
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