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• W207204689 abstract "FRANCISCO SUAREZ, THE GREAT JESUIT PHILOSOPHER AND THEOLOGIAN, has long been recognized as a pivotal figure in the development of Western philosophy. His thought is heavily indebted to the medieval philosophical tradition but also bears striking intimations of key themes in modern thought. (1) In this paper I address one of the most controversial questions related to the thought of Suarez, namely, his relationship to the nominalist tradition. However, I shall do so rather indirectly by focusing not on explicit metaphysical questions but rather on his account of our acquisition of universal concepts and its foundation in reality. By placing questions about the knowledge of singular and universal at the center of the discussion, I hope to shed new light on his account of the objectivity that we can have in our knowledge. Suarez is explicit that the intellect first forms a proper and distinct concept of the singular and only subsequently forms a concept of the universal. While this position clearly represents a departure from one strand of later medieval thought, for example, that of Thomas Aquinas and Duns Scotus, it is neither original with nor unique to Suarez. Indeed, many of his fellow Jesuit philosophers held the same view as did several earlier thinkers beginning in the thirteenth century. However, I think it is safe to say that the most famous proponent of the view that our intellect first knows singulars and knows them directly and distinctly is William of Ockham. (2) Indeed, this similarity between Ockham and Suarez has led some scholars to link the two authors together. (3) Now, it is not only concerning this issue of the priority of the knowledge of the singular that scholars have detected similarities between Suarez and Ockham. Both thinkers share a conviction that all the items in the world are singulars and that commonality is not a property of such items but is dependent on some activity of the mind. (4) As a result of this commitment to the priority of concrete individuals both authors commonly are classified as nominalists. This linking together of Suarez and Ockham is a tricky issue revolving around one's attitude toward nominalism as an ontological program and, more fundamentally, a presupposition that there is some noncontroversial definition of nominalism. In fact, the taxonomy of medieval positions on universals is such that Ockham might be called most accurately a nominalistic realist. (5) While this may be a precise term for Ockham's position, it also suggests that the realist/ nominalist contrast is less than helpful as shorthand for a thinker's position on the question of the objectivity of our universal concepts. Instead, what is necessary is a clear exposition of the texts within the context of an author's problematic. In this paper I shall discuss the problematic present in Suarez's discussion of intellectual knowledge. It is a familiar enough problematic in some ways insofar as it is dependent on prior medieval discussions for both its central issues and its technical terminology, but in other ways it is, as I show, rather distinctive. It consists of three components: a metaphysical theory about the nature of items existing in the world, a theory of the soul and its relation to the body, and a theory of cognition by which humans come to know the world. These three components interrelate in Suarez's thought in such a way that rejection of any of the components is sufficient for the entire theory to collapse. However, if one accepts the three components, the theory fits together quite well and provides an account of our knowledge that ensures both its objectivity and certainty. In what follows I shall begin with a discussion of basic principles of cognition. In particular I shall show why it is that Suarez believes that we first and properly know singulars prior to knowing universals. It turns out that his commitment to this account of knowledge is grounded by a theory about the powers of the soul, and I shall explore several features of his view on the soul and its powers. …" @default.
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• W207204689 title "Singular and Universal in Suárez's Account of Cognition" @default.
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