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• W2072122463 abstract "439 ISSN 1758-1907 10.2217/DMT.13.49 © 2013 Future Medicine Ltd Diabetes Manage. (2013) 3(6), 439–441 Over the past 30 years, a plethora of epidemiologic studies have demonstrated a marked and consistent association between Type 2 diabetes (T2D) and the overall risk for cancer (and its mortality) in various populations [1–4]. However, it was also demonstrated that the strength of this association depended on the cancer site [1,3]. Indeed, the incidence of hepatocellular and pancreatic cancers is doubled in patients presenting with T2D [1,3]. Endometrial cancer risk is also doubled in women with T2D [1,3], while risk of postmenopausal (but not premenopausal) breast, colorectal, kidney, biliary tract and bladder cancers, non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma, leukemia, and myeloma is ‘only’ 20–50% higher in patients presenting with T2D [1,3,5]. Notably, the risk of prostate cancer, by contrast, is approximately 15% lower in men with T2D [1,3]. Various assumptions have been made to elucidate direct or indirect mechanisms explaining the association between T2D and cancer. This research has not been very successful so far as both common disorders are markedly complex and hetero geneous, and several risk factors (e.g., aging, male sex, ethnicity, overweight/obesity, visceral adiposity, tobacco smoking, alcohol consumption, sedentary lifestyle, poor diet – excessive red/processed meat intake and low vegetable/fruit/wholegrain intake – microvascular complications, hypertension, socioeconomic status and family history) have to be considered as confounding factors in the assessment of cancer risk in patients with T2D [1,4,6]. The inverse association between T2D and prostate cancer may be explained by the lower levels of testosterone in men with T2D; elevated circulating levels of testosterone have been associated with a higher risk of prostate cancer [1,3]. Consequently, the protection from prostate cancer in men presenting with T2D may be due to a lower exposure of the prostate to testosterone [1,3]. For the other T2D-associated cancers, there are two leading hypotheses attempting to explain the contribution of T2D to cancer development: insulin resistance" @default.
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• W2072122463 title "Does Type 2 diabetes increase the risk of developing cancer?" @default.
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