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• W2073451106 abstract "Cytomics is the science of individual cells as a whole and unravels position, physiological state, and function of a cell within cohorts of cells, cell communities, tissues, and organisms. Cytomics is being addressed by cytometric techniques such as microscopy and flow cytometry to analyze and manipulate cells on a single cell level. Cytomics is a relatively new discipline that originated from the medical field and seeks to address this need by describing the roles of cells and subsets of cells within complex and dynamic cell networks (1). The discipline is especially powerful in combination with molecular omics approaches promising new breakthroughs in analyzing, e.g., the regulation of pathways, assessing cell functions, and revealing interactions between cells within diverse biological systems (2). Heterogeneity of cells within populations is a well accepted fact in medical sciences. It is obvious that cells fulfill diverse functions within an organism although originating from the same background, containing the same genetic information and identical basic metabolic pathways. Cytometry together with cytomics allows the determination of the molecular and cellular basis of the origin of these differences. Sophisticated technologies are established which enables for multifaceted parameter analysis of single cells getting quantitative information on manifold cell parameters. It is fascinating how deep the virtual decomposition of cell consortia and their interactions can be resolved by continuously developed cytometric techniques. A recent example in oncology is the characterization of so-called cancer stem cells (CSC), by cytometric techniques, that led to new insights into tumor generation as only single cells or small subsets of cells are suspected to be the intrinsic origin of various heterogeneous (nontumorigenic) cancer cell lineages. Although the origin of the CSC is still under discussion, it is obvious that these cells may have an important weight in tumor generation (3). Neuroscience is another example for a system where individual cells determine the activity and function of an organ and in the end the organism. The contribution and the character of single neurons are important for a whole network of cells to function (4). Differentiation and assignment of distinct functions are the key processes which lead to the complex and highly productive performances these cell systems are known for. Visualization, tracking, and characterization of single cells are even more important in neurosciences than in other disciplines. Similar diversity of cells within an organism is perfectly described since ages for plants. As the cells are really large and quite diverse when looking on their morphology, the cell structure can be described even by using a simple microscope. This may be also the reason why plant scientists are among the pioneers who establish other omics technologies together with cytomics. Similar to other large cell types, only a few cells are necessary to obtain protein expression information of a distinct subset of cells or to perform transcriptome analysis (5, 6). Nowadays, this is already a daily routine for many laboratories. This certitude is completely different for microbes. Microbiologists established chemostats and synchronously growing cultures in the belief that this will be the only way to obtain knowledge on successive processes in microbial metabolism. Even now many of them are still not aware of the fact that microbial population and communities consists of individuals which are as diverse in their features as cells which are part of an organism. This starts by the fact that basic features of life like cell birth do not result in entirely equal offspring. Besides this, even in seemingly homogenous environments, microconditions in the vicinity of individuals may vary significantly, hence giving rise to asynchrony and heterogeneity (7). Investigating microbes are not only interesting in the awareness of their role as pathogenic germs which demands knowledge on the course of the infective process or to test antibiotic susceptibility of the pathogens but are also interesting in their role as biocatalysts for the chemical, environment, or food stuff industry (8-10). Looking at the environment they are the leading representatives on earth both in numbers and cell mass and have, therefore, a key function in developments with regard to the climate change. All these systems have in common that individuals or subsets of cells may change the dynamics and, therefore, the function of a whole system. Therefore, one of the focus targets of modern imaging technologies is to visualize and quantify biomolecules and the cells-related activities in real time and noninvasively (11). New generation technologies include 3D-tissue based imaging to study biochemical reactions under physiological conditions (12). Cell type specific gene expression can be followed by expression of Green Fluorescent Protein within cells which can then be sorted and investigated with regard to their global gene expressing profile using microarrays (13, 14). The combination of cytometry, independent if this will be flow cytometry or image-based instruments, with other molecular-level based omics-technologies will open deeper insight in functions of cells. Cytometric analysis of gene expression in eukaryotic cells was shown to yield similar results than quantitative RT-PCR (15), whereas in bacteria the tiny amounts of mRNA or protein contents are still limiting for such investigations. In this context, gel-free mass spectrometry techniques will become important future analytical tools. As cell sorting is getting an increasingly important step in providing an increase in cell population resolution, this technology needs to be simpler in future and to provide an easier to use technology. One of such techniques is ultra-high-speed cell sorting (16) which besides increasing the velocity of sample analysis and local separation of the cells also allows a decrease in the amount of expertise to handle a cell sorter. Fluidic switching in “lab-on-a-chip” microfluidic systems is the basic idea of this approach and may gain wide application in the future. This year's conference of the German Society for Cytometry (DGfZ: http://www.dgfz.org) focused on three main scientific topics (see Abstracts, Supporting Information): One was how to get high content information on a single cell level by using new image techniques with an application focus on neuronal cells. Advancements in this research area of cytometry give an insight into cell functions like transmission of information, cell differentiation, and survival or a general overview on how processes are occurring in single neuronal cells. The second main topic was the “conference within the conference” about stem cells and CSCs which gave insight into recent remarkable developments. Beside their medical implication, these high quality research topics have also an impact on other research areas in cell biology. In-depth analyses of immunological memory and developmental programs of T-cell lineage commitment as well visualization of “extremely rare” events within complex cell mixtures were discussed. It was surprising to hear that detecting hematolymphoid malignancies by using immunophenotyping and molecular genetics require leukemia phenotype panels which are different from the European and American ones when looking to Asia and especially India (17). Passing on knowledge and techniques from the medical research hot spots toward biotechnological applications is also part of the conference and covered topics like regenerative medicine, traditional chemical, or pharmaceutical biotechnology as well as investigation of microbial functions. The presentations were accompanied by communications on an international level, indicated by speakers and participants of more than 10 different countries at the conference and known as a common characteristic of the meetings of the German Society for Cytometry. Sessions on the European Cytometry Network' platform as well as the Core Managers Workshop provided the opportunity to get people together and encouraged exchange of information far beyond the borders of Germany. It also became obvious that the society is very heterogeneous in its research topics which are nevertheless appreciated by open-minded people, interested in a variety of applications and cross-border cooperation. People showed a keen interest in pushing the limits of optical resolution, willing to understand structure and function of cells in heterogeneous populations, and thereby contributing significantly to demanding problems in life sciences, health care, nutrition, or even climate change. The research landscape in Saxony has developed to a well-recognized hot spot in cell research in Germany which comprises five state universities, institutes of the Scientific Society Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz, of the Fraunhofer and Max Planck Societies, as well as the Helmholtz Association. Many biotechnology and pharmaceutical companies found their place within Saxony. The Centre for Biotechnology and Biomedicine (BBZ) is a central research institution of the University of Leipzig (http://www.zv.uni-leipzig.de) and was established as one of two bio-innovation centres in Saxony. This location was a perfect place for the 2009 conference. The DGfZ was grateful to host in Leipzig and will also hold its next annual conference in this location. Additional Supporting Information “Abstracts of the 19th Annual Meeting of the German Society for Cytometry (DGfZ)” [http://www.dgfz.org/blog/wp-content/uploads/Abstractbook-DGfZ2009.pdf] may be found in the online version of this article. Please note: The publisher is not responsible for the content or functionality of any supporting information supplied by the authors. Any queries (other than missing content) should be directed to the corresponding author for the article." @default.
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• W2073451106 title "The wealth of cytomics. Résumé of the 19th Annual Meeting of the German Society for Cytometry (Deutsche Gesellschaft Für Zytometrie, DGfZ)" @default.
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