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• W2073887313 abstract "Abstract While Indonesia has traditionally been a major exporter of liquid natural gas (LNG) to Japan, Korea, Taiwan and China, compressed natural gas (CNG) should be seriously considered, especially for the transportation of fuel within the Indonesian archipelago itself. CNG is an alternative that has been proposed in recent years but has yet to be implemented on a large scale because the emphasis for investments has primarily been on LNG and because CNG applications have not been well delineated. Some people still believe that LNG and CNG are competitors. They are not. The key is to find the areas, both geographic and volumetric, of least-overlapping applications. It has often been stated that CNG is more attractive for shorter distances and smaller offshore markets which are not connected to pipelines or large LNG accepting facilities. For short distances, less than 1000 km, LNG cannot compete with CNG for any volume of gas. Even at longer distances (e.g., 2,000 km), until the recent collapse of gas prices, CNG is still more attractive at volumes of up to 10 Bcm/yr (or 350 Bcf/yr), assuming that offshore pipelines are not economically or physically feasible. For smaller volumes, such as 1 to 2 Bcm/yr, and long distances, CNG is the only solution to bring natural gas to many markets. We have also found that higher prices of natural gas, either at the source (cost) or at the destination (sale price), increase the volume of gas at which CNG is more attractive than LNG. Indonesia is an obvious place for such applications and we present cases for the transportation of natural gas as CNG from Borneo and Sumatra to Java and Bali. We quantify the volumes of gas that delineate CNG's superiority and show the impact of gas prices on the indicated gas volumes to be transported. Introduction CNG is a proven gas transport technology that has been around for decades. CNG has been transported on land and used as fuel in private, public, and commercial vehicles. Even marine CNG transportation is not new. The first commercialization of CNG seagoing transportation was in late 1960s. About 1.3 MMscf CNG was loaded, transported, and offloaded from one location to another along the eastern US coast near the New York area. The project did not continue because it was not economically attractive at that time. Since then, especially in the 2000s, new generations of CNG carriers with innovative technologies, high efficiency, and relatively low costs have emerged and are ready to be commercialized. New opportunities, such as the ones described in this paper, could soon make CNG marine transportation a very real solution (Wang, 2009). CNG is an obvious alternative to LNG and to pipelines for sea-going transportation of natural gas (Economides and Mokhatab, 2007). It offers an economically attractive way to deliver commercial quantities of natural gas by ship to customers within 2,000 km (about 1,200 miles, Wood et al., 2008). There are several areas where population centers are separated from natural gas sources by 2,000 km or less across water, and offshore pipelines are not economically or physically feasible. These areas include the Mediterranean Sea (Wang, 2009), Caribbean (Nikolaou et al., 2009), Sakhalin in Russia (Marongiu-Porcu et al., 2008), Indonesia (Wang and Marongiu-Porcu, 2008), and many others. The key is to find the areas of non-overlapping applications between CNG and LNG." @default.
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• W2073887313 date "2009-08-04" @default.
• W2073887313 modified "2023-09-27" @default.
• W2073887313 title "Compressed Natural Gas For Indonesia" @default.
• W2073887313 doi "https://doi.org/10.2118/122568-ms" @default.
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