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• W2074073994 abstract "Vol. 123, No. 4 CorrespondenceOpen AccessNeurodevelopmental Disorders and Agricultural Pesticide Exposuresis companion ofNeurodevelopmental Disorders and Agricultural Pesticide Exposures: Shelton and Hertz-Picciotto Respond Carol J. Burns, Stuart Z. Cohen, and Curt Lunchick Carol J. Burns The Dow Chemical Company, Midland, Michigan, USA Search for more papers by this author , Stuart Z. Cohen Environmental & Turf Services, Inc., Wheaton, Maryland, USA Search for more papers by this author , and Curt Lunchick Bayer CropScience, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, USA Search for more papers by this author Published:1 April 2015https://doi.org/10.1289/ehp.1409124Cited by:2AboutSectionsPDF ToolsDownload CitationsTrack Citations ShareShare onFacebookTwitterLinked InReddit We read with interest the analysis by Shelton et al. (2014) of the relationships between maternal proximity to insecticide application and autism spectrum disorders (ASDs) and developmental delay (DD) in children. Although we commend the investigators’ efforts to identify, recruit, and enroll parents of children with ASDs or DD, absent is any confirmation of exposures or that the active ingredients drifted onto the residences or were inhaled or ingested, let alone at dose levels that might be adverse to the fetus (Williams and DeSesso 2014).The authors noted other sources of potential exposure, including diet and nonagricultural applications that were unmeasured in their assessment. However, there are many factors that reduce the opportunity for participant exposures. Importantly, the inherent properties of each pesticide determine its volatilization and solubility. The method of application and whether the formulation is a liquid or granule also influences drift potential. For example, an orchard air-blast application has a very different exposure potential than a drip-line irrigation application of the same quantity of pesticide to the same crop at the same distance (U.S. EPA 2013a, 2013b). Weather conditions and wind direction influence whether an active ingredient is carried toward or away from a residence (U.S. EPA 2013b). Furthermore, Caldwell and Wolf (2006) found that amounts of ground-spray drift deposited 0.4 km downwind in windy conditions were 0.001% of the applied amounts. Last, being inside, outside, or away from home all factor into human exposures.Proximity to agricultural pesticide application has not been found to translate to corresponding levels of the pesticide in household dust (Curwin et al. 2005; Fenske et al. 2002; Ward et al. 2006). The California Pesticide Use Registry was evaluated by Nuckols et al. (2007). Although they confirmed agreement of pesticide applications with crop maps, they also recommended biological sampling to validate exposure assumptions for each active ingredient. Correlations of pesticide concentrations in household dust and urinary pesticide metabolite levels in children have been suggested (Lu et al. 2000) but not confirmed (Fenske et al. 2002; Morgan et al. 2008). Several studies of farmers and their families concluded that behavior patterns were more predictive of urinary pesticide concentrations than proximity to the field (Alexander et al. 2006; Arbuckle and Ritter 2005; Thomas et al. 2010).In their recent review of geographic models in epidemiological studies, Chang et al. (2014) discuss many of these exposure-related issues. The U.S. Environmental Protection Agency has begun to evaluate residential exposures to agricultural pesticides from spray drift and volatilization (U.S. EPA 2014), and there is a growing understanding of off-target drift for each active ingredient. This understanding has permitted the agency to publish a quantitative methodology for assessing residential exposure and risk resulting from spray drift and volatilization of conventional pesticides (U.S. EPA 2014). Risk is the result of the interaction between exposure and toxicity; unfortunately, Shelton et al. (2014) confuse the occurrence of a distant application with exposure. In light of critical weaknesses in exposure characterization in the present case, any relationship between pesticide exposure and the occurrence of ASDs and DD is unknown, and an association between exposure and occurrence is speculation.ReferencesAlexander BH, Burns CJ, Bartels MJ, Acquavella JF, Mandel JS, Gustin Cet al.. 2006. Chlorpyrifos exposure in farm families: results from the Farm Family Exposure Study.J Expo Sci Environ Epidemiol 16(5):447-456; doi:10.1038/sj.jes.750047516570094. Crossref, Medline, Google ScholarArbuckle TE, Ritter L. 2005. Phenoxyacetic acid herbicide exposure for women on Ontario farms.J Toxicol Environ Health A 68(15):1359-1370; doi:10.1080/1528739059095363516020195. Crossref, Medline, Google ScholarCaldwell BC, Wolf TM. 2006. Measurement of long-distance particle drift using a fluorescent tracer—samplers, sensitivity, detection limits, and background.Asp Appl Biol 77:46-53. Google ScholarChang ET, Adami HO, Bailey WH, Boffetta P, Krieger RI, Moolgavkar SHet al.. 2014. Validity of geographically modeled environmental exposure estimates.Crit Rev Toxicol 44(5):450-466; doi:10.3109/10408444.2014.90202924766059. Crossref, Medline, Google ScholarCurwin BD, Hein MJ, Sanderson WT, Nishioka MG, Reynolds SJ, Ward EMet al.. 2005. Pesticide contamination inside farm and nonfarm homes.J Occup Environ Hyg 2(7):357-367; doi:10.1080/1545962059100160616020099. Crossref, Medline, Google ScholarFenske RA, Lu C, Barr D, Needham L. 2002. Children’s exposure to chlorpyrifos and parathion in an agricultural community in central Washington State.Environ Health Perspect 110(5):549-553; PMID:12003762. Link, Google ScholarLu C, Fenske RA, Simcox NJ, Kalman D. 2000. Pesticide exposure of children in an agricultural community: evidence of household proximity to farmland and take home exposure pathways.Environ Res 84(3):290-302; doi:10.1006/enrs.2000.407611097803. Crossref, Medline, Google ScholarMorgan MK, Sheldon LS, Thomas KW, Egeghy PP, Croghan CW, Jones PAet al.. 2008. Adult and children’s exposure to 2,4-D from multiple sources and pathways.J Expo Sci Environ Epidemiol 18(5):486-494; doi:10.1038/sj.jes.750064118167507. Crossref, Medline, Google ScholarNuckols JR, Gunier RB, Riggs P, Miller R, Reynolds P, Ward MH. 2007. Linkage of the California Pesticide Use Reporting Database with spatial land use data for exposure assessment.Environ Health Perspect 115(5):684-689; doi:10.1289/ehp.951817520053. Link, Google ScholarShelton JF, Geraghty EM, Tancredi DJ, Delwiche LD, Schmidt RJ, Ritz Bet al.. 2014. Neurodevelopmental disorders and prenatal residential proximity to agricultural pesticides: the CHARGE study.Environ Health Perspect 122(10):1103-1109; doi:10.1289/ehp.130704424954055. Link, Google ScholarThomas K, Dosemeci M, Hoppin JA, Sheldon LS, Croghan CW, Gordon SMet al.. 2010. Urinary biomarker, dermal, and air measurement results for 2,4-D and chlorpyrifos farm applicators in the Agricultural Health Study.J Expo Sci Environ Epidemiol 20(2):119-134; doi:10.1038/jes.2009.619240759. Crossref, Medline, Google ScholarU.S. EPA (U.S. Environmental Protection Agency).2013a. Occupational Pesticide Handler Unit Exposure Surrogate Reference Table.Available: http://www.epa.gov/opp00001/science/handler-exposure-table.pdf [accessed 11 March 2015]. Google ScholarU.S. EPA (U.S. Environmental Protection Agency).2013b. Residential Exposure Assessment Standard Operating Procedures. Addenda 1: Consideration of Spray Drift. Draft for Comment.Available: http://pesticidemodels.org/wp-content/uploads/2013/09/EPA-HQ-OPP-2013-0676-0003-1.pdf [accessed 11 March 2015]. Google ScholarU.S. EPA (U.S. Environmental Protection Agency).2014. Human Health Bystander Screening Level Analysis: Volatilization of Conventional Pesticides. Draft for Comment.Available: https://www.federalregister.gov/articles/2014/03/26/2014-06545/pesticides-consideration-of-volatilization-in-pesticide-risk-assessment-notice-of-availability-and [accessed 11 March 2015]. Google ScholarWard MH, Lubin J, Giglierano J, Colt JS, Wolter C, Bekiroglu Net al.. 2006. Proximity to crops and residential exposure to agricultural herbicides in Iowa.Environ Health Perspect 114(6):893-897; doi:10.1289/ehp.877016759991. Link, Google ScholarWilliams AL, DeSesso JM. 2014. Gestational/perinatal chlorpyrifos exposure is not associated with autistic-like behaviors in rodents.Crit Rev Toxicol 44(6):523-534; doi:10.3109/10408444.2014.90777224861450. Crossref, Medline, Google ScholarFiguresReferencesRelatedDetailsCited by Hertz-Picciotto I, Schmidt R and Krakowiak P (2018) Understanding environmental contributions to autism: Causal concepts and the state of science, Autism Research, 10.1002/aur.1938, 11:4, (554-586), Online publication date: 1-Apr-2018. Shelton J and Hertz-Picciotto I (2015) Neurodevelopmental Disorders and Agricultural Pesticide Exposures: Shelton and Hertz-Picciotto Respond, Environmental Health Perspectives, 123:4, (A79-A80), Online publication date: 1-Apr-2015.Related articlesNeurodevelopmental Disorders and Agricultural Pesticide Exposures: Shelton and Hertz-Picciotto Respond1 April 2015Environmental Health Perspectives Vol. 123, No. 4 April 2015Metrics About Article Metrics Publication History Originally published1 April 2015Published in print1 April 2015 Financial disclosuresPDF download License information EHP is an open-access journal published with support from the National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Institutes of Health. All content is public domain unless otherwise noted. Note to readers with disabilities EHP strives to ensure that all journal content is accessible to all readers. However, some figures and Supplemental Material published in EHP articles may not conform to 508 standards due to the complexity of the information being presented. If you need assistance accessing journal content, please contact [email protected]. Our staff will work with you to assess and meet your accessibility needs within 3 working days." @default.
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