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• W207428544 abstract "Introduction This article investigates the most recent socio-economic transformations occurring in post-communist countries taken as ex ample the cases of Central and Eastern Europe (2) (CEE) and of the Russian Federation. It also provides a sufficient overview of the new social risks emerging in these transition economies. The investigation is structured around three crucial questions. Section One aims to respond to the question of what kind of systemic problems (from now onwards strukturprobleme (3)) characterize post-communist capitalism(s). Section Two addresses the issue of what kind of social structure is developing, while Section Three deals with the question of what kind of new social risks are emerging. The reason why finding an adequate response to these questions is crucial depends on three principal factors. Firstly, systemic deficiencies present in the economic environment can greatly influence the social structure of a country. Secondly, these deficiencies contribute, at the same time, to the emergence of specific new social risks. Thirdly, they also determine the subsequent welfare state responses. As it is well known, the transition from communism to capitalism has implied huge social costs in both CEE and in the Russian Federation. GDP dropped severely, many state-owned enterprises collapsed, several million workers lost their jobs, the paternalistic system of social protection was, to a large extent, dismantled, and, as a result, poverty rates and income inequality dramatically increased with a large proportion of the population now living below the poverty threshold (Cerami 2006a, 2006b, 2009; Cook 2007; Manning and Tikhonova 2009). An enormous transformation, however, occurred not only in the economic sphere, but also in the relationship between the state, the market and the society. In the immediate aftermath of 1989, new ideas, interests and institutions had to be quickly introduced (4). A new social contract, no longer based on one-party rule and full-employment, had to be established with the citizens, whereas, in order to put the new social contract in action, new feasible institutions and interests had to be developed. This implied a process of functional, distributive, normative and institutional recalibration (5) in which the functional prerogatives, distributive objectives, normative foundations and institutional structures of these communist systems had to be adjusted to the post-communist environment. As highlighted by several authors, communist ruins represented, in this context, the main institutional material in which the new societies could be built (Offe 1996; Crawford and Lijphardt 1997; Stark and Bruszt 1998; Ekiert 2003). In other words, a recombinant transformation of ideas, interests and institutions took place (Cerami forthcoming). This study is based on the assumption that the strutkturprobleme of contemporary capitalism(s), changes in social structure and emergence of new social risks are not unrelated issues, but elements strictly linked together. The main hypothesis, which will then be tested in the following sections, is that due to more drastic systemic structural changes occurring in post-communist societies, more intense and more diversified strukturprobleme are taking place in transition economies than those present in the West. These are resulting in faster changes in social structure as well as the emergence of broader new social risks types and groups. If this is the case, then post-communist welfare states are in front of a double burden of responsibilities. On the one hand, they will be called to ensure citizens both against old and new social risks, as Western welfare states are also required to do, while, on the other hand, they will also be forced to intensify their efforts in order to deal with the more severe problems stemming from the transition. What kind of Strukturprobleme Characterize Post-Communist Capitalism(s)? …" @default.
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• W207428544 date "2009-01-01" @default.
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• W207428544 title "Socio-Economic Transformations in Post-Communist Countries: Central and Eastern Europe and Russia Compared" @default.
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