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- W2074292675 abstract "Long-tailed tits are seen all the year round in an urban district in Kyoto City, Japan. We studied dynamic aspects of social organization of this species in this district.1) The study area included a grove, university campuses and residential area neighboring them. Outside the grove trees and shrubs are sparsely planted almost all over the area. Two different groups of long-tailed tits wintered and bred outside the grove and one within the grove.2) Winter flocks of this species were stable in composition and spaced out from one another. Disintegration of the flock occurred in early spring. Although dispersed, they nested within the range of winter flocks. Helpers were recorded in more than half of the nests. After young fledged, families deriving from the same winter flock joined together. The period of substantial separation of the flock members was limited to a few months at the midst of the breeding season. The long-tailed tit is likely to be a group-living species which has a short period of disintegration of members during the breeding season.3) Along with the invariability in composition of the group, movements of birds between different groups during the breeding season were also suggested. In one of the groups some of the helpers were probably immigrants. Nest helping might give birds chances of joining the group they helped other than their own.4) Fledging success was much higher than that recorded in populations of woodland which is the presumed native habitat of this species. One of the reasons for the higher survival rate in the urban district would be the absence of jays which are major predators of woodland populations. The higher breeding success by itself may not be able to retain the population outside the grove because resource condition outside the grove may be poor from summer to autumn." @default.
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- W2074292675 date "1991-01-01" @default.
- W2074292675 modified "2023-10-03" @default.
- W2074292675 title "Disintegration and Reorganization of the Flock of Long-Tailed Tits Aegithalos caudatus in an Urban District in Kyoto, Japan a" @default.
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- W2074292675 doi "https://doi.org/10.3838/jjo.40.1" @default.
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