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• W2074555655 abstract "The first descriptions of Americans were not framed onscientific grounds or according to a specific researchprogram. Rather, they were mere beliefs and conjecturesstated by fifteenth and sixteenth century Spanish explorerswho joined expeditions to still unknown lands andinhabited the colonies. Many of them, like GonzaloFernandez de Oviedo, Jose de Acosta, Luis de Gomara,Bartolome de las Casas, and Bernardino de Sahagun, werefascinated with the question of the origins of NativeAmericans. Thus, since the epochs of Columbus andMoctezuma, curiosity about Native American origins hasnot only been of scientific interest. It should be viewed, to acertain extent, as one more among the many inquiriesnaturally posed by two cultures making contact.Since the eighteenth century onwards, the Christian/mystical explanations to geographic distribution of humangroups started to give place to more rational, objective, andsystematic approaches. The advent of well-establishedscientific approaches didn’t started until the first Americanand Latin American universities directed the collection ofanthropological and archeological data in a systematicmanner. In sum, it was a combination of establishment ofEuropean anthropologists, the work of novel Americanscholars, and the accumulation of evidence that led to thefirst theories of human settlement of the continent. Fromour modern (and comfortable) point of view, many of thesetheories look absurd. However, these first theories were setin a scientific landscape characterized by a discouragingscarcity of data—at least as seen from our time—not onlyabout Native American origins but also concerning theorigin and evolution of humanity as a whole. Note that itwas not until the second half of the twentieth century thatthe African origin of our lineage was utterly accepted. Thatis also why nineteenth and early twentieth century theoriesabout human settlement of the continent can be classifiedinto three noticeably different categories: those stating an insitu American origin of the humanity, those postulating aunique and recent origin for all Americans, and thosesuggesting a very ancient, multiple, and heterogeneousorigin. It was the Argentinean paleontologist FlorentinoAmeghino who, based on his findings at the MonteHermoso locality, ardently suggested that the origin of thehuman species should be placed in the middle Tertiary ofSouth America (Ameghino 1921). A better examination ofhis archeological and anthropological findings demonstrat-ed that the remains were quite recent, thus invalidating hiswhole theory. Even though the Ameghinean hypothesis fellintodiscredit,hewasanearlydefenderandpromoterofthe(bythisepoch, controversial)Darwinian ideasamongthecommu-nity of Latin American paleontologists, anthropologists, andarcheologists.The notion of a single Asian origin for New Worldinhabitants was prematurely stated by the Jesuit priest Josede Acosta, who in his Historia Natural y Moral de lasIndias first introduced the concept (Acosta 1589). However,defenders of the single origin were known years later as the“American school” in reference to a group of U.S. scholarsled by Czech anthropologist Ales Hrdlicka. Their viewabout the settlement process included a single Asian sourcepopulation for all the Americans, an entry from Asia toNorth America through the Bering Strait, and an in situdevelopment of the cultural and linguistic diversificationobserved among modern Native Americans. According to" @default.
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• W2074555655 date "2011-05-21" @default.
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• W2074555655 title "Introduction: Evolutionary Theory and Its Applications to New World Settlement Studies" @default.
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• W2074555655 doi "https://doi.org/10.1007/s12052-011-0342-5" @default.
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