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• W2074887421 abstract "Defoe's Almost Invisible Hand: Narrative Logic as a Structuring Principle in Moll FlandersCarl R. Lovitt The Problem ofExternal Authority Many of the critical disagreements about MollFlanders have hinged on questions of external authority: the extent to which external control over the narrative can be reliably inferred from the text. Arguments about Defoe's irony and about the novel's aesthetic structure— both of which presuppose external agency—have dominated discussions of Moll Flanders. The persistent concern with these issues can be attributed in large part to a problem that confronts readers of any fictional first-person narrative. According to Ian Watt, when we are entirely limited to what the main character tells us, any attempt to derive final values and meanings from a work of fiction presents itself as a difficult epistemological problem.1 Readers who hesitate to endorse Moll's own moral judgments will nevertheless find it impossible to infer other more satisfactory standards of judgment from the narrative itself.2 Wayne Booth concurs: It would be a clever reader indeed who could be sure just how much of Moll's behavior is consciously judged and repudiated by Defoe.3 Although Ian Watt is widely credited with having drawn attention to the question of irony in Moll Flanders, his sense of the impossibility of reliably inferring an external standard eventually led him to 1 Ian Watt, The Recent Critical Fortunes of Moll Flanders, Eighteenth-Century Studies 1 (1967), 120. 2 Watt, p. 121. 3 Wayne Booth, The Rhetoric ofFiction (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1961), p. 321. EIGHTEENTH-CENTURY FICTION, Volume 6, Number 1, October 1993 2 EIGHTEENTH-CENTURY FICTION question the value of speculating about irony in works ofthis kind: even if one doesn't curse the day that the word irony was let out of the rhetoric handbooks, one must surely conclude that it has made it harder to see the main critical issues in Moll Flanders.* Challenging the usefulness of discussing irony complicates the question of external authority even further by discrediting die critical concept conventionally used to discuss it. Watt in effect calls for critics to rethink the terms in which they conceptualize the impact of external authority on texts. Michael Boardman has perceived a solution to the problem Watt describes, arguing that Defoe 's systematic abridgment of the more quiescent episodes of Moll's life in favour of developing the more sensational ones provides evidence of a mimetic intention not Moll's.3 Inspired by Virginia Woolf's having characterized a particular type of event in Moll's life as impossible, Boardman argues that at any time that one can say that something cannot happen in a narrative one is on the trail of a converse principle of generation and selection.6 In so far as it provides a conceptual basis for documenting external authority without recourse to any voice in the novel and, more important, without reference to the concept of irony, Boardman's principle of generation and selection represents a promising approach to overcoming the difficult epistemological problem Watt had identified. Boardman nevertheless severely restricts the implications of his own principle by considering Defoe's abridgment of Moll's unsensational experiences the only evidence of external control over the novel's content. To illustrate the limitations imposed by such a restrictive conception of impossible events on the ability to account for phenomena in the narrative, I propose to consider in some detail the implications of Defoe's having included a different kind of impossible event. This analysis will serve in turn as a basis for outlining an alternative approach to discussing external authority in narrative. Extreme Moments as Markers ofNarrative Logic Near the midpoint of Moll Flanders, as Moll bemoans her fourth hus4 Watt, p. 125. 5 Michael Boardman, Defoe and the Uses ofNarrative (New Brunswick, NJ: Rutgers University Press, 1983), p. 121. 6 Boardman, p. 124. Virginia Woolf's essay on Defoe to which Boardman refers is included in Daniel Defoe: A Collection of Critical Essays, ed. Max Byrd (Englewood Cliffs, NJ: PrenticeHall , 1976), pp. 15-22. NARRATIVE LOGIC IN MOLL FLANDERS 3 band's untimely departure, to her unspeakable Surprize he suddenly returns to her chamber. She recounts their..." @default.
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• W2074887421 title "Defoe's Almost Invisible Hand: Narrative Logic as a Structuring Principle in <i>Moll Flanders</i>" @default.
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