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• W2076004906 abstract "The first signalling event in Xenopus development is the mesoderm-forming (or Nieuwkoop) induction, starting three hours after fertilization [[1]Nieuwkoop PD The formation of the mesoderm in the urodelean amphibians. I. Induction by the endoderm.Wilhelm Roux Arch EntwMech Org. 1969; 162: 341-373Crossref Scopus (363) Google Scholar]. Two prime candidates for the molecule that mediates this signalling are activin [[2]Smith JC Price BMJ Van Nimmen K Huylebroeck D Identification of a potent Xenopus mesoderm-inducing factor as a homolog of activin A.Nature. 1990; 345 (90294906): 729-731Crossref PubMed Scopus (556) Google Scholar] and Vg1 [[3]Weeks DL Melton DA A maternal mRNA localized to the vegetal hemisphere in Xenopus eggs codes for a growth factor related to TGFβ.Cell. 1987; 51 (88052889): 861-867Abstract Full Text PDF PubMed Scopus (562) Google Scholar], both members of the transforming growth factor β (TGFβ) family. Because genetic methods are not available for amphibian studies, ‘dominant-negative’ truncated receptors have been used in studying signalling molecules such as the receptors for fibroblast and platelet-derived growth factors (FGF and PDGF) [4Amaya E Musci TJ Kirshner MW Expression of a dominant negative mutant of the FGF receptor disrupts mesoderm formation in Xenopus embryos.Cell. 1991; 66 (91309139): 257-270Abstract Full Text PDF PubMed Scopus (906) Google Scholar, 5Ueno H Escobedo JA Williams LT Dominant-negative mutations of platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF) receptors. Inhibition of receptor function by ligand-dependent formation of heterodimers between PDGF alpha- and beta-receptors.J Biol Chem. 1993; 268 (94043047): 22814-22819Abstract Full Text PDF PubMed Google Scholar]. The truncated receptors bind to, and prevent signalling from, endogenous receptors. Activin is a potent mesoderm inducer in vitro, and the severe phenotype obtained using a dominant-negative activin receptor in Xenopus[[6]Hemmati-Brivanlou A Melton DA A truncated activin receptor inhibits mesoderm induction and formation of axial structures in Xenopus embryos.Nature. 1992; 359 (93024948): 609-614Crossref PubMed Scopus (457) Google Scholar], coupled with evidence from fish [[7]Wittbrodt J Rosa FM Disruption of mesoderm and axis formation in fish by ectopic expression of activin variants: the role of maternal activin.Genes Dev. 1994; 8 (95011555): 1448-1462Crossref PubMed Scopus (101) Google Scholar], suggested that activin is essential for development. However, a dominant-negative receptor for activin blocked the activity of other TGFβ family members in Xenopus, most notably Vg1 [[8]Schulte-Merker S Smith JC Dale L Effects of truncated activin and FGF receptors and of follistatin on the inducing activities of BVg1 and activin: does activin play a role in mesoderm induction?.EMBO J. 1994; 13 (94341266): 3533-3541PubMed Google Scholar], and activin ‘knock-out’ mice are essentially wild-type in phenotype [[7]Wittbrodt J Rosa FM Disruption of mesoderm and axis formation in fish by ectopic expression of activin variants: the role of maternal activin.Genes Dev. 1994; 8 (95011555): 1448-1462Crossref PubMed Scopus (101) Google Scholar]; these two findings cast doubt on the idea of a function for activin in early development. We have designed a new receptor construct which can selectively block the function of activin but not of Vg1, and we have used it to show that activin has an essential role in vivo in Xenopus early development. We conclude that activin, or a close relative that has yet to be described, is required for normal development." @default.
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• W2076004906 title "Activin signalling has a necessary function in Xenopus early development" @default.
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• W2076004906 doi "https://doi.org/10.1016/s0960-9822(06)00030-3" @default.
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