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• W2076480169 abstract "Eisenhower and the Soviets, 1945-1947: Rhetoric and Policy Ira Chernus When World War II ended, Dwight Eisenhower was the most famous and most popular military leader in the United States. He served for a brief time as head of the military occupation of Germany and then for two years as Army Chief of Staff. In those positions, he often spoke to the press and to public audiences about the war and its meaning, and his words were widely reported. Every society needs official words to guide it in the transition from wartime back to peacetime, and Eisenhower was one of the most respected of this country's official spokespersons .1 Every historian who has written on his postwar role has commented on a seeming anomaly: as the official rhetoric coming out of Washington gradually transformed the Soviet Union from ally to mortal enemy, Ike continued to speak of friendship and cooperation between the two superpowers. A closer look at the general's discourse reveals a striking disparity between his public words of amity and his private words, which were closer to the emerging Cold War consensus. The same disparity could be found in other U.S. leaders of the time. But Eisenhower's discursive pattern merits special attention, because he would bring this pattern into the White House and thereby transform American public discourse. It was Eisenhower who first taught the public to desire world peace and make it the highest national aspiration, while still waging the Cold War, and to see no contradiction between the two. As president, he could instill this pattern so successfully because his rhetoric effectively masked and denied the contradiction. When he spoke of peace, he blended Augustinian realism and Wilsonian idealism, as if the two traditions held the same kind of peace as their goal. By eliding the differences between them, he made it seem perfectly logical to pursue world peace while waging the Cold War. As the following analysis will show, Eisenhower developed this discursive pattern in response to his policy concerns as a military commander and his political concerns as an emerging world leader. By the time he retired from active service in February, 1948, the pattern he would bring to the presidency was firmly set. Ira Chernus is Professor of Religious Studies at the University of Colorado in Boulder, Colorado. © Rhetoric & Public Affairs Vol. 2, No. 1,1999, pp. 59-82 ISSN 1094-8392 60 Rhetoric & Public Affairs The Language of Peace Shortly after the war ended, Eisenhower traveled to Moscow and told journalists there, I see nothing in the future that would prevent Russia and the United States from being the closest possible friends. He had found the individual Russian one of the friendliest persons in the world, so there was no reason to think that the United States and the Soviet Union could not cooperate perfectly. On August 28, 1945, he wrote privately to Henry Wallace: I am convinced that friendship—which means an honest desire on both sides to strive for mutual understanding—between Russia and the United States is absolutely essential to world tranquility. Moreover, I believe that most of the Russians I have met share this conviction.2 When he returned home a few months later to become Army Chief of Staff, he told a congressional committee, There is no one thing, I believe, that guides the policy of Russia more today than to keep friendship with the United States. Throughout 1946 he urged Americans to extend a peaceful hand to the Soviets. On February 10 he told a disabled veterans' group, We must deal with those who do not well understand us, just as we do not fully understand them. We must work with those who view our motives with suspicion as we may sometimes be suspicious of their intent___Discouragement must not paralyze your efforts. On November 20, addressing the Economic Club of New York, he said, There is room in the world for different systems of government. At the University of Richmond, on March 28, he told the audience, We must learn in this world to accommodate ourselves so that we may live at peace with others whose basic philosophy may be different..." @default.
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• W2076480169 title "Eisenhower and the Soviets, 1945-1947: Rhetoric and Policy" @default.
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• W2076480169 doi "https://doi.org/10.1353/rap.2010.0026" @default.
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