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• W2076571927 abstract "There are two possible explanations of the behaviour of the sources of positive ions described in the previous paper. We can regard them, firstly, as a kind of modified Kunsman source. It is now well established that when atoms of ioniza­tion potential V volts strike a surface of work function ø volts, the atoms will be ionized if ø > V. For cool surfaces there may be an accumulation of ions on the surface, if the supply of atoms is maintained, with a consequent reduction of the work function, so that after a time any more atoms arriving are no longer ionized. For hotter surfaces the time spent by the ions on the surface becomes smaller and they are driven off in virtue of the energy imparted to them by the thermal impact of the underlying surface atoms. At higher temperatures every atom striking the surface comes off as a positive ion. The essential condition, ø > V, which must be fulfilled if the atoms shall be ionized on impact with the surface has been confirmed by the experiments of Langmuir and Kingdon with a number of different surfaces. Thus caesium (I. P. = 3·8 volts) is ionized by hot tungsten for which ø equals 4·53 volts, but not by tungsten covered with a monatomic layer of thorium for which 2·66 volts. Similarly copper (I. P. = 9·0 volts) is ionized by a tungsten surface covered with a monatomic layer of oxygen atoms, but not by pure tungsten. The most natural explanation, therefore, of the emission from Kunsman sources would seem to be that the ferric oxide supplies a surface of large electronic work function by which the alkali atoms are ionized. The distribution of the alkali throughout the source and its gradual diffusion to the surface through the conglomerate of microcrystals furnishes a convenient means of maintaining the surface layer of atoms. The evaporation of some neutral atoms by the surface may be regarded as a consequence of the accumulation of the alkali in patches. The alkali may, for example, reach the surface by migration up the cracks between the crystals of which the surface is composed. If the patch is more than one atom thick the work function of the surface may, as in the experiments of Langmuir to which we have referred, be so reduced that atoms and not ions are evaporated from it. In the experiments which have already been described in which the alkali from one Kunsman source is evaporated on to a second, it was shown that the simplest explanation of the large numbers of ions emitted was that the real surface area of the source is many times greater than the superficial area. We can make the same assumption to explain the behaviour of the new sources. The source, therefore, owes its long life, in this view, to this very large effective area provided by the ferric oxide. By contrast a surface of a pure metal of the same superficial area as the source, covered with a complete layer of ions one deep would yield a current of 1 microamp for less than 6 seconds." @default.
• W2076571927 created "2016-06-24" @default.
• W2076571927 date "1933-08-01" @default.
• W2076571927 modified "2023-09-26" @default.
• W2076571927 title "Emission of metallic ions from oxide surfaces. II.—Mechanism of the emission" @default.
• W2076571927 doi "https://doi.org/10.1098/rspa.1933.0130" @default.
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