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• W2076737888 abstract "Winter wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) in the Great Plains is not always planted at the optimum time for a variety of reasons. In order to identify wheat yield and related responses to delayed establishment, sequential monthly plantings from 1 October to 1 April were undertaken during 7 yr, 1985 to 1991, at Garden City, KS. ‘TAM 107’ was seeded at a constant heavy rate in bordered drill-strip plots in a randomized complete block design. Although considerable variability occurred among years, relative grain yield declined with progressive planting dates as follows: 1 October = loo%, 1 November = 77%, 1 December 59%, 1 January = 57%, 1 February = 41%, 1 March = 16%, 1 April = 0%. Wheat planted on 1 April did not joint or form heads due to lack of a 6 wk period with temperatures below 51°F as required for vernalization. Relative to the optimum planting date on 1 October, the wheat planted on 1 March was the last to produce heads and grain and the lowest yielding; had the most delay in heading (26 d later); was the latest to ripen (17 d later) and the shortest statured (5 in. less); produced the smallest seed weight (43% less) and the lowest test weight (21% less); produced the fewest heads per plant (58% fewer), the fewest kernels per head (33% fewer), and the fewest kernels per plant (73% fewer); and had the shortest grain-filling period (9 fewer d). Little variation in stand emergence or number of spikelets per head occurred through the range of planting opportunity dates. These results provide quantitative criteria to help make cropping decisions relative to delayed planting situations for winter wheat in the Central Great Plains. Research Question Farming experience in the Great Plains has shown clearly that precipitation is necessary to provide the seedbed moisture required for emergence of winter wheat. Although producers aiming for profitable wheat grain yields attempt to establish the crop with appropriate and optimum timing, delay in seeding may be necessary until precipitation occurs. Farmers and their advisors need a reliable estimate of potential yield at the time when moisture for planting becomes available. This study evaluated delayed planting dates for hard red winter wheat to quantify the potential grain yield throughout the range of less than optimum seeding opportunities that sometimes must be considered. Literature Summary Previous planting-date research at various locations has well documented that optimum seeding dates for winter wheat in the Central Great Plains are during September or October. When planting is delayed, however, little information exists to identify the range over which planting dates can be extended or to quantify the yield potential expected throughout this planting period. Study Description Hard red winter wheat, cultivar ‘TAM 107’ was planted on the first of each month from October through April for the 7 yr, 1985 to 1991. Seed of uniform large size was seeded at 90 lb/acre on fallowed dryland. Data were collected on emerged stands, date headed, date mature, plant height, number of heads, spikelets per head, grain weights, grain moisture, test weights, and 1000 kernel weights. Numbers of preheading days, grain-filling days, kernels per head, and kernels per plant were calculated. Data were compared among monthly plantings at Garden City, KS. Applied Questions How late can winter wheat be planted and still become vernalized? The 1 March planting was the latest in each of the 7 yr to accumulate 6 wk of average temperatures between 33°F and 51°F as required for vernalization. Average coldest 6 wk temperature periods for March plantings ranged from 41.4°F in 1987 to 50.5°F in 1986 such that jointing and heading followed. The 1 April plantings routinely failed to vernalize as they were followed by average coldest 6 wk temperature periods ranging from 52.7°F in 1990 to 59.2°F in 1986. Thus only vegetative growth was produced. What yield reductions can be expected as planting date is delayed? Winter wheat produced a significant amount of harvestable grain with every monthly seeding date from 1 October to 1 March during each of the 7 yr. Relative grain yields of each planting date are shown in Fig. 1 as percentages of 1 October average yields. Grain yield generally declined with each monthly planting delay. The least decline occurred during the coldest winter months. Yields equal to or greater than half of optimum-timing yields were obtained from plantings through 1 January. What factors, including yield components, are responsible for the reduced yields? Declining yields with delayed planting were associated with a delayed, shorter grain-filling period and declines in seed size, test weight, number of heads per square foot, number of heads per plant, number of kernels per head, and number of kernels per plant. What environmental factors determine yield decline? Reduced grain yields were correlated with average mean daily air temperatures above the 69.1°F that occurred during grain-filling of the earliest planting and with reduced precipitation during grain-filling. There was a significant interaction between year and date of planting. Figure 1Open in figure viewerPowerPoint Yield as a percentage of 1 October planting date mean. Points are the results for each year and line is the fitted cubic equation relating percentage yield to days after 1 October." @default.
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• W2076737888 date "1996-01-01" @default.
• W2076737888 modified "2023-10-16" @default.
• W2076737888 title "Delayed Planting Opportunities with Winter Wheat in the Central Great Plains" @default.
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• W2076737888 doi "https://doi.org/10.2134/jpa1996.0074" @default.
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