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• W2077278315 abstract "Pierced by Bronze Needles:Anti-Montanist Charges of Ritual Stigmatization in Their Fourth-Century Context Susanna Elm (bio) For Christ is like a single body with its many links and organs, which, many as they are, together make up one body. . . . Now you are Christ's body, and each of you a limb or organ of it. (I Cor 12.12, 27) You shall not make gashes in your flesh for the dead or tattoo any marks () upon you: I am the Lord. (Lev 19.28) Priests shall not . . . gash their bodies . . . . No man among your descendants for all time who has any physical defects shall come and present the food of his God. (Lev 21.5, 17.) I bear the marks () of Jesus branded to my body. (Gal 6.17) In the 350's Cyril of Jerusalem delivered a series of catechetical lectures on a variety of issues he considered crucial to those about to be baptized. Cyril [End Page 409] devoted the sixteenth of these lectures to the nature and agency of the Holy Spirit, which he explained in part through a display of its heretical misconstructions. One of the heresies that had falsified the Holy Spirit was particularly reprehensible. Not only had their founder claimed to be in fact the Holy Spirit, even worse, his followers, on the pretext of their so-called mysteries . . . cut the throats of wretched little children and chopped them into pieces for their unholy banquets.2 They were the Montanists, a well-known heresy of long standing.3 Even though the heresy itself was not new, Cyril inaugurates here an intriguing development: he is the first in our sources to accuse Montanists of ritual child murder. Our earlier sources know the heresy of Montanus by the movement's own description, namely as the New Prophecy, and they attack it precisely because of the form and content of its founders' (Montanus, Priscilla and Maximilla's) prophetic utterances.4 It was the early opponents' principal concern to demonstrate that the ecstatic New Prophecy was false, the prophets' visions satanic in origin, and therefore all their claims to spiritual leadership illegitimate and gravely injurious to their followers. The fourth-century sources, drawing on the earlier authorities, continue and intensify this line of attack. Yet, in addition to their condemnation of Montanist prophecy, fourth-century authors now also levelled the charge of ritual child murder,5 even though the heresy of Montanus had already [End Page 410] all but disappeared in the Western part of the Roman empire and had undergone a number of transformations in the East.6 Most of the fourth-century authors who repeat Cyril's initial accusation, for example, Filastrius of Brescia, Jerome, the author of the Homily on the Ps.-Prophets, Praedestinatus, Isidore of Pelusium and Timothy of Constantinople, follow the pattern he established, i.e., they accuse Montanists of killing children in a ritual context without providing further [End Page 411] specifics.7 However, two of these accusations stand out: those made by Epiphanius and then by Augustine. In his Panarion Haereses, written between 374-376, Epiphanius alleges that the Montanists, whom he actually calls Quintillians, Priscillians and Pepuzians, in one of their feasts . . . pierce a very young boy in every part of his body with brass needles and take his blood to use at sacrifice. . . . They pierce through the body of an innocent boy . . . [pretending that?] this is an initiation into the name of Christ. . . .8 In 428, Augustine accuses the Montanists in his Book on the Heresies9 with [preparing] their eucharist, as it were, from the blood of a year old child, which they draw off from its whole body by means of minute puncture wounds, and to mix it with the flour, and thence make bread. If the child die, they consider him to be a martyr; if he live, he is considered to be a high priest. In other words, according to Epiphanius, Montanists sacrificed children by killing them through piercing or pricking with needles. Augustine then echoes Epiphanius' charges in his denunciation of the sect. He adds, however, that victims thus pricked achieve an exalted status: either as martyrs, or, if they survive, as..." @default.
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• W2077278315 date "1996-01-01" @default.
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• W2077278315 title "&quot;Pierced by Bronze Needles&quot;: Anti-Montanist Charges of Ritual Stigmatization in Their Fourth-Century Context" @default.
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