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- W2077488839 abstract "On the morning of 1 November 1755, the town of Lisbon was ruined by an earthquake, supplemented by a tsunami, inundating the lower town and harbour, and by a fire, lit by houses collapsing on kitchen fires, which raged for one week. At variance with Lisbon, the Spanish harbour town of Cadiz was considered as miraculously saved, despite the fears reported in the descriptions: “the sea-flood raised fears that the town might be submerged.” A classical estimate for the height of the tsunami wave there is 18 m. The study of a restricted selection of primary documentary sources demonstrates that the tsunami was much weaker. It is difficult to assess how the now classical records have been altered with reference to the original letters, but one of the reasons is that the secretaries of the scientific institutions only used to put in the print abridged, or worse, synthesized versions of the communications from members. The average ground level in Cadiz is 11 m above mean sea level. If the wave set-up had been about 19 m, the engulfment of Cadiz would have left its name to the 1 November 1755 earthquake and tsunami rather than to the destruction of Lisbon. In Cadiz, the impossibility to simulate waves higher than 10 m in the modelling experiments conducted in the last 12 years does not result from a flaw in the models: to the opposite, it has to be borne to the credit of M.A. Baptista and her scientific partners. They avoided the considerable risk to favour options that might bring a distortion towards output values, actually resulting from ancient misconceptions – just because such values appear to fit the data. Au matin du 1er novembre 1755, la ville de Lisbonne fut détruite par un séisme, auquel s’ajouta un tsunami, noyant la ville basse et le port, et un incendie, allumé par l’effondrement de maisons sur leurs foyers domestiques, qui fit rage pendant une semaine. Au contraire de Lisbonne, la ville portuaire de Cadix, en Espagne, fut considérée comme miraculée, malgré les terreurs rapportées par les témoignages : « la crue de la mer a fait craindre que la ville ne fut submergée… » Une évaluation classique de la hauteur de la vague de tsunami y est de 18 m. L’étude d’une sélection restreinte de sources documentaires primaires démontre que le tsunami fut beaucoup plus faible. Il est difficile d’établir comment les témoignages, désormais classiques, ont été altérés par rapport aux lettres originales, mais l’une des raisons en est que les secrétaires des institutions scientifiques ne faisaient imprimer que des versions abrégées ou pire, synthétiques, des communications des membres. Le niveau moyen du sol à Cadix est de 11 m au-dessus du niveau de la mer. Si la hauteur de la vague avait été proche de 19 m, l’engloutissement de Cadix aurait laissé son nom au tremblement de terre et au tsunami du 1er novembre 1755 plutôt qu’à la destruction de Lisbonne. À Cadix, l’impossibilité de simuler des vagues de plus de 10 m de haut dans les expériences de modélisation conduites au cours des 12 dernières années ne résulte pas d’un défaut des modèles ; au contraire, cela doit être porté au crédit de M.A. Baptista et de ses partenaires scientifiques. Ils ont évité le risque considérable de choisir des options susceptibles d’amener une distorsion des résultats vers des valeurs entachées en fait d’erreurs anciennes – simplement parce que ces valeurs semblent conformes aux données." @default.
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- W2077488839 date "2008-04-01" @default.
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- W2077488839 title "The tsunami in Cadiz on 1 November 1755: A critical analysis of reports by Antonio de Ulloa and by Louis Godin" @default.
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- W2077488839 doi "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.crte.2007.12.001" @default.
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