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- W2077641132 abstract "The nature of regulatory penalties and appropriate enforcement policies have been well served in the literature on environmental law, but developments are occurring which suggest good reasons for looking at these matters afresh. While governments and environmental lawyers have reiterated traditional concerns that the enforcement of command-and-control regulatory systems is insufficiently effective, they have also explored and encouraged regimes which, because they focus on management structures, incentive devices and forms of self-regulation, seem no longer to rely on conventional sanctions and therefore orthodox deterrence theory. In this paper we focus on a third area of debate. In the United Kingdom, the imposition of sanctions has historically been reserved for the ordinary courts and always subject to the normal processes of criminal justice. Elsewhere in the common law world, particularly in the USA and Australia, there has been a growing tendency to grant powers to the public enforcement agencies to impose ‘civil’ or ‘administrative’ penalties, and without the procedures and protection of the criminal law. There does not seem to have been much by way of attempts to rationalise the use by agencies of these powers, nor to relate them to traditional deterrence theory associated with penal sanctions. This is the goal of our paper. We explore the deterrence dimension to the use of administrative penalties within the context of UK environ-" @default.
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- W2077641132 date "2002-03-01" @default.
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- W2077641132 title "Sanctions for Pollution: Do We Have The Right Regime?" @default.
- W2077641132 doi "https://doi.org/10.1093/jel/14.3.283" @default.
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