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• W2077689104 endingPage "1481" @default.
• W2077689104 startingPage "1420" @default.
• W2077689104 abstract "Polyaniline (PANI) is prepared by the oxidation of aniline. Depending on the acidity conditions during the chemical oxidation, different types of products can be identified. The aniline dimers, semidines, are the first oxidation products. In the next step, aniline trimers containing a phenazine moiety, the nucleates, are produced. At moderate acidity, pH > 3.5, the reaction pathway further leads to higher brown non-conducting aniline oligomers. Alternatively, when the acidity is sufficiently high, pH < 2.5, the nucleates convert to initiation centers that start the subsequent propagation of PANI chains. The model of phenazine nucleates is offered to explain the various supramolecular nanostructures produced by PANI. It is proposed that the hydrophobic nucleates randomly aggregate in the aqueous phase or become organized to form one-dimensional stacks stabilized by π–π interactions. This step is followed by the growth of PANI chains from the self-assembled nucleates. The evolution of the nanostructures is conveniently observed by the combination of microscopic and spectroscopic techniques. The random agglomeration of nucleates gives rise to PANI granules and regular self-assembly into stacks subsequently leads to PANI nanofibers. The growth of other nanostructures requires a starting template. A model of a flowing template combined with a helical nanotubular growth is proposed to account for the formation of nanotubes, monomer droplets serve as templates for microspheres. The detailed chemical structure of nucleates has still to be elucidated. The nucleates adsorb and self-assemble along various interfaces giving subsequently rise to additional conducting polymer morphologies. The adsorption of nucleates at solid surfaces immersed in the reaction mixture leads to PANI nanofilms or coatings of various substrates. The competition between nucleate adsorption and nucleate self-assembly may lead to more complex morphologies combining one-dimensional and three-dimensional features, such as nanobrushes, hairy spheres, etc. The control of nucleates self-assembly and of PANI growth, the involvement of various interfaces in this process, and the role of PANI conductivity are discussed. The nanostructures produced by other conducting polymers, especially by substituted PANI, polypyrrole, or poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene) are also considered. Two potential extensions to the preparation of related materials, such as nitrogen-containing carbonized PANI nanostructures or the composites of conducting polymers with noble metals are outlined. The present review accounts for the latest development in the realm of PANI nanostructures in past few years and provides an upgrade in the models proposed for their formation." @default.
• W2077689104 created "2016-06-24" @default.
• W2077689104 creator A5017500060 @default.
• W2077689104 creator A5054186378 @default.
• W2077689104 creator A5054773545 @default.
• W2077689104 date "2010-12-01" @default.
• W2077689104 modified "2023-10-10" @default.
• W2077689104 title "Polyaniline nanostructures and the role of aniline oligomers in their formation" @default.
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