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• W2078790801 abstract "The aim of this study was to compare the cytotoxicity and the (pro-)inflammatory responses of two-stroke (direct injection and carburetor technology) and four-stroke scooter and diesel car exhaust emissions on lung cells in vitro. This was analyzed by exposing a 3D in vitro model of the epithelial airway (consisting of human bronchial epithelial cells (cell line 16HBE14o−) combined with human whole blood monocyte-derived macrophages and dendritic cells) to physically characterized exhaust emissions. Biological endpoints of cytotoxicity (lactate dehydrogenase release), as well as pro-inflammatory cytokine (tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α) and inflammatory chemokine (interleukin(IL)-8) stimulation were examined. Two-stroke direct injection scooter exhaust contained the highest particle number concentration and nitrogen oxides (NO x ) concentrations and the emissions from the two-stroke carburetor scooter contained the highest hydrocarbon and lowest NO x concentrations. The four-stroke scooter emitted the highest carbon monoxide concentration whereas the cars emitted the lowest. The combination of various technical optimizations for the two-stroke direct injection scooter (particle filter, oxidative catalyst, better oil and fuel) reduced the total emissions strongly and the TNF-α concentration significantly (p < 0.05). The cytotoxicity and the IL-8 concentration showed strong tendencies to be reduced. The analysis of the emissions of all tested two-stroke, four-stroke scooters and diesel cars showed a strong association between the adverse effects and the particle number concentration." @default.
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• W2078790801 date "2012-01-01" @default.
• W2078790801 modified "2023-10-16" @default.
• W2078790801 title "Investigating the potential for different scooter and car exhaust emissions to cause cytotoxic and (pro-)inflammatory responses to a 3D<i>in vitro</i>model of the human epithelial airway" @default.
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• W2078790801 doi "https://doi.org/10.1080/02772248.2011.632509" @default.
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