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• W2079086473 abstract "Abstract Transgenic mice were produced by microinjection of male pronuclei with approximately 2.7Kb DNA fragment, containing a metallothionein‐I promoter (MT) or a phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase (PEPCK) promoter linked to human growth hormone (hGH) or bovine growth hormone (bGH) structural genes. Transgenic mice from resulting lines have substantial levels of circulating heterologous GH and are much larger than normal mice. Since these animals have reproductive abnormalities, and since reproductive hormones have significant effects on the circadian timing system, experiments were designed to determine whether these animals had altered freerunning periods. Transgenic female mice and their normal female siblings were individually housed in cages with activity wheels and exposed to constant dark (DD) or constant light (LL) for durations exceeding two weeks. Locomotor activity was continuously monitored by computer. The period of the circadian rhythm of locomotor activity and the duration of activity were determined for each group in both lighting conditions. All mice free‐ran in LL and DD, and as expected, the period of the free‐running rhythm was related to light intensity. The period of the locomotor rhythm was longer in LL than in DD. The freerunning period in LL, however, was significantly shorter in transgenic mice when compared to their normal siblings. In DD, free‐running periods in transgenic and non‐transgenic mice were not significantly different. Thus it appears that the continuous presence of high levels of GH shortens the free‐running period in LL similar to the affect of estrogen. This effect is not due to GH effects during early development, since only MT/bGH and MT/hGH are expressed during fetal life, yet PEPCK/bGH animals demonstrate a similar response on period. The effect does not appear to be a characteristic of the lactogenic effect of GH, an indirect or permissive influence of the well known actions of estrogen on the oscillator, an indirect action of premature aging of the oscillator, or a developmental alteration of the circadian timing system. A direct effect of GH itself remains as the prime candidate for the shortened period in constant light." @default.
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• W2079086473 date "1994-08-01" @default.
• W2079086473 modified "2023-10-05" @default.
• W2079086473 title "Overexpression of growth hormone genes in transgenic mice shortens free‐running periods in constant light" @default.
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• W2079086473 doi "https://doi.org/10.1080/09291019409360306" @default.
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