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• W2079661642 abstract "LOCALIZATION OF OBJECTS IN VISUAL SPACE WITH ABNORMAL SACCADIC EYE MOVEMENTS BY ARNOLD STARR Division of Neurology, Stanford University School of Medicine and Neurology Service, Veterans Administration Hospital, Palo Alto, California. INTRODUCTION IT is not clear how one has knowledge of the eyes' position. Brindley and Merton (1960) have shown that afferents from proprioceptive organs in the extraocular muscles cannot provide this information. These authors covered the corneas of subjects with opaque covers, anaesthetized the sclera, and moved the eyes about with forceps. Their subjects were unable to tell whether or not the eyes moved under these circumstances. The possibility that efferents to the extraocular muscles contribute knowl- edge of the eyes' position has also been considered, von Heknholtz (1925) noted that patients with an acute paralysis of the lateral rectus muscle of the eye had illusions that the environment moved on attempting to contract the affected muscle. He suggested that the patient's efforts at moving the eye provided information as to where the eye was supposed to go and the illusion of apparent motion resulted from a non-correspondence between the expectation of the move and the result. Graefe (1878) also examin- ed the role of efferents in individuals with a recent weakness of one of the extraocular muscles. These subjects judged objects, in the field of paretic gaze, to be located beyond their actual position. Graefe reasoned that if spatial information were derived from efferents to the extraocular muscles the disorder of localization would be consistent with the extra effort these individuals exerted to move their affected eye. Festinger and Canon (1965) have recently tested the contribution of efferents to spatial localization using tasks that distinguished efferent in- formation arising from two types of eye movements: saccades and smooth following movements. These two types of eye movements have essentially different functions. Rashbass (1961) has shown that saccades are a response to an object's position whereas smooth following movements are a response to an object's velocity. Saccades are rapid ballistic moves (up to 600°/sec.) (Robinson, 1964) that enable the fovea to be brought promptly onto a previously eccentric point in the visual field and smooth following movements are of slow velocity (up to 45°/sec.) (Robinson, 1965) and enable the fovea to be continuously maintained on an object moving across the BRAIN—VOL. XC" @default.
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• W2079661642 date "1967-01-01" @default.
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• W2079661642 title "LOCALIZATION OF OBJECTS IN VISUAL SPACE WITH ABNORMAL SACCADIC EYE MOVEMENTS" @default.
• W2079661642 doi "https://doi.org/10.1093/brain/90.3.541" @default.
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