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• W2079718657 abstract "Nuclear Dbf2-related (NDR) protein kinases are a family of AGC group kinases that are involved in the regulation of cell division and cell morphology. We describe the cloning and characterization of the human and mouse NDR2, a second mammalian isoform of NDR protein kinase. NDR1 and NDR2 share 86% amino acid identity and are highly conserved between human and mouse. However, they differ in expression pattern; mouse Ndr1 is expressed mainly in spleen, lung and thymus, whereas mouse Ndr2 shows highest expression in the gastrointestinal tract. NDR2 is potently activated in cells following treatment with the protein phosphatase 2A inhibitor okadaic acid, which also results in phosphorylation on the activation segment residue Ser-282 and the hydrophobic motif residue Thr-442. We show that Ser-282 becomes autophosphorylated in vivo, whereas Thr-442 is targeted by an upstream kinase. This phosphorylation can be mimicked by replacing the hydrophobic motif of NDR2 with a PRK2-derived sequence, resulting in a constitutively active kinase. Similar to NDR1, the autophosphorylation of NDR2 protein kinase was stimulated in vitro by S100B, an EF-hand Ca2+-binding protein of the S100 family, suggesting that the two isoforms are regulated by the same mechanisms. Further we show a predominant cytoplasmic localization of ectopically expressed NDR2. Nuclear Dbf2-related (NDR) protein kinases are a family of AGC group kinases that are involved in the regulation of cell division and cell morphology. We describe the cloning and characterization of the human and mouse NDR2, a second mammalian isoform of NDR protein kinase. NDR1 and NDR2 share 86% amino acid identity and are highly conserved between human and mouse. However, they differ in expression pattern; mouse Ndr1 is expressed mainly in spleen, lung and thymus, whereas mouse Ndr2 shows highest expression in the gastrointestinal tract. NDR2 is potently activated in cells following treatment with the protein phosphatase 2A inhibitor okadaic acid, which also results in phosphorylation on the activation segment residue Ser-282 and the hydrophobic motif residue Thr-442. We show that Ser-282 becomes autophosphorylated in vivo, whereas Thr-442 is targeted by an upstream kinase. This phosphorylation can be mimicked by replacing the hydrophobic motif of NDR2 with a PRK2-derived sequence, resulting in a constitutively active kinase. Similar to NDR1, the autophosphorylation of NDR2 protein kinase was stimulated in vitro by S100B, an EF-hand Ca2+-binding protein of the S100 family, suggesting that the two isoforms are regulated by the same mechanisms. Further we show a predominant cytoplasmic localization of ectopically expressed NDR2. The NDR 1The abbreviations used are: NDR, nuclear Dbf2-related; HA, hemagglutinin; MS, mass spectroscopy; PBS, phosphate-buffered saline; GFP, green fluorescent protein; GST, glutathione S-transferase; h, human; m, mouse; OA, okadaic acid.1The abbreviations used are: NDR, nuclear Dbf2-related; HA, hemagglutinin; MS, mass spectroscopy; PBS, phosphate-buffered saline; GFP, green fluorescent protein; GST, glutathione S-transferase; h, human; m, mouse; OA, okadaic acid. protein kinase family is a member of the AGC 2For abbreviations of protein kinase groups and names, see Manning et al. (29Manning G. Whyte D.B. Martinez R. Hunter T. Sudarsanam S. Science. 2002; 298: 1912-1934Crossref PubMed Scopus (6214) Google Scholar).2For abbreviations of protein kinase groups and names, see Manning et al. (29Manning G. Whyte D.B. Martinez R. Hunter T. Sudarsanam S. Science. 2002; 298: 1912-1934Crossref PubMed Scopus (6214) Google Scholar). group of serine/threonine kinases, which includes cAMP-dependent kinase, cGMP-dependent kinase, protein kinase B, and protein kinase C (1Tamaskovic R. Bichsel S.J. Hemmings B.A. FEBS Lett. 2003; 546: 73-80Crossref PubMed Scopus (91) Google Scholar). The human NDR protein kinase is highly conserved and is expressed almost ubiquitously (2Millward T. Cron P. Hemmings B.A. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A. 1995; 92: 5022-5026Crossref PubMed Scopus (69) Google Scholar). The closest members of the mammalian NDR protein kinase from lower organisms, TRC, SAX-1, Cbk1p, and Orb6p, are all involved in the control of cell morphology. The Drosophila NDR kinase TRC regulates the integrity of epidermal cell extensions such as sensory bristles, arista, and wing hairs by affecting the actin cytoskeleton and is proposed to form a part of a putative morphogenetic checkpoint (3Geng W. He B. Wang M. Adler P.N. Genetics. 2000; 156: 1817-1828PubMed Google Scholar). SAX-1 is the Caenorhabditis elegans NDR protein kinase and is reported to play an important role in the regulation of neuronal cell shape and neurite initiation (4Zallen J.A. Peckol E.L. Tobin D.M. Bargmann C.I. Mol. Biol. Cell. 2000; 11: 3177-3190Crossref PubMed Scopus (83) Google Scholar). The relatives of NDR protein kinase in Saccharomyces cerevisiae and Schizosaccharomyces pombe, Cbk1 and Orb6, are also essential for normal morphogenesis, cell polarity, and coordination of cell morphology with the cell cycle (5Colman-Lerner A. Chin T.E. Brent R. Cell. 2001; 107: 739-750Abstract Full Text Full Text PDF PubMed Scopus (268) Google Scholar, 6Bidlingmaier S. Weiss E.L. Seidel C. Drubin D.G. Snyder M. Mol. Cell. Biol. 2001; 21: 2449-2462Crossref PubMed Scopus (149) Google Scholar, 7Racki W.J. Becam A.M. Nasr F. Herbert C.J. EMBO J. 2000; 19: 4524-4532Crossref PubMed Scopus (118) Google Scholar, 8Verde F. Wiley D.J. Nurse P. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A. 1998; 95: 7526-7531Crossref PubMed Scopus (176) Google Scholar). NDR protein kinase and its relatives have a conserved structure consisting of an N-terminal S100B/calmodulin binding site, a catalytic kinase domain containing an insertion between subdomains VII and VIII (encompassing, in the case of NDR, a nonconsensus nuclear localization signal and the activation segment phosphorylation site), and a C-terminal regulatory domain (2Millward T. Cron P. Hemmings B.A. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A. 1995; 92: 5022-5026Crossref PubMed Scopus (69) Google Scholar, 9Millward T.A. Heizmann C.W. Schafer B.W. Hemmings B.A. EMBO J. 1998; 17: 5913-5922Crossref PubMed Scopus (126) Google Scholar, 10Millward T.A. Hess D. Hemmings B.A. J. Biol. Chem. 1999; 274: 33847-33850Abstract Full Text Full Text PDF PubMed Scopus (88) Google Scholar). The human NDR1 protein has been shown to become autophosphorylated on Ser-281 and activated upon S100B binding in a Ca2+-dependent manner. The C-terminal regulatory phosphorylation site Thr-444 is phosphorylated in vivo by a so far unidentified upstream kinase (11Tamaskovic R. Bichsel S.J. Rogniaux H. Stegert M.R. Hemmings B.A. J. Biol. Chem. 2002; 278: 6710-6718Abstract Full Text Full Text PDF PubMed Scopus (68) Google Scholar). This phosphorylation within the hydrophobic motif, which is an event typical of the regulation of many AGC group kinases, promotes kinase activation and protein stability (12Lang F. Cohen P. Science's STKE. 2001; 108: RE17Google Scholar, 13Yang J. Cron P. Thompson V. Good V.M. Hess D. Hemmings B.A. Barford D. Mol. Cell. 2002; 9: 1227-1240Abstract Full Text Full Text PDF PubMed Scopus (367) Google Scholar). Some kinases, such as PRK2, have an Asp residue instead of a Ser or Thr residue, and a mutation of the hydrophobic phosphorylation site of to an Asp was shown to result in a constitutively active hydrophobic motif for several kinases (14Alessi D.R. Andjelkovic M. Caudwell B. Cron P. Morrice N. Cohen P. Hemmings B.A. EMBO. 1996; 15: 6541-6551Crossref PubMed Scopus (2511) Google Scholar, 15Yang J. Cron P. Good V.M. Thompson V. Hemmings B.A. Barford D. Nat. Struct. Biol. 2002; 9: 940-944Crossref PubMed Scopus (430) Google Scholar). Here we describe the characterization of a second isoform of NDR protein kinase, termed NDR2, and show that mNdr1 is widely expressed, whereas mNdr2 is expressed mainly in the gastrointestinal tract of mice. NDR2 becomes activated in vivo following phosphorylation on three conserved sites, Thr-75, Ser-282, and Thr-442. Further, a NDR2-PIFtide chimera, which contains the PRK2 hydrophobic motif (PIFtide), is constitutively active. In vitro, the Ca2+-binding protein S100B stimulates activation of NDR2 and autophosphorylation on Thr-75, Ser-282, and Thr-444. PCR and Molecular Cloning—BLAST searches of the NCBI data base were performed to identify NDR-related sequences. The Ndr2 cDNA was assembled by PCR screening using a Marathon-Ready™ human brain cDNA library (Clontech) following standard protocols (16Sambrook J. Fritsch E.F. Maniatis T. Molecular Cloning: A Laboratory Manual. Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press, Plainview, NY1989: 810-896Google Scholar). The mouse Ndr1 cDNA was cloned from a mouse λZAPII (Stratagene) cDNA library; the mouse Ndr2 cDNA was cloned using a 3′ mEST (GenBank™ accession number AA277870) and subcloning the 5′ end from a mouse brain cDNA library (Clontech) using PCR. Sequences of all clones were obtained using an ABI PRISM 3700 DNA Analyzer (Applied Biosystems) using custom-synthesized primers and compared with the appropriate genomic databases (Ensembl and Celera). Sequence analysis was performed using Seqweb 1.2 (Genetics Computer Group, Inc.). Plasmids—Mammalian expression vectors encoding HA and GST epitope-tagged hNDR1 were described previously (2Millward T. Cron P. Hemmings B.A. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A. 1995; 92: 5022-5026Crossref PubMed Scopus (69) Google Scholar). Expression vectors for HA-hNDR2 and GST-NDR2 were constructed similarly. GFP-Ndr2 was constructed by amplifying the Ndr2 cDNA with primers 5′-CGGGATCCGGTACCATGGCAATGACGG-CAGGGACTAC-3′ and 5′-CGGGATCCCTTCATTCATAACTTCCCAGC-3′ using Pfu polymerase (Promega). The PCR product was then digested with BamHI and cloned into pEGFP-C1 (Clontech). HA-NDR2-PIFtide was constructed by amplifying NDR2 cDNA with primers 5′-CTTCCAAGCTTAGTCGACATGGCTTACCCATACGATGTTCCAGATTACGCTTCGGCAATGACGGCAGGGACTACAACAACC-3′ and 5′-CGGGATCCTCACCAGTCGGCGATGTAGTCGAAGTCGCGGAACATCTCCTGCTCCTCTTTGTAGTCCGGTTCTGTGGTTATT-3′ using Pfu polymerase (Promega). The PCR product was then digested with BamHI and SalI and cloned into pCMV5. All plasmids were confirmed by sequence analysis. RNA Extraction and Real-time Reverse Transcription-PCR—Tissues of three 129SvPas mice were isolated and subjected to RNA extraction using TRIzol reagent (Invitrogen) and the RNeasy 96 kit (Qiagen). Reverse transcription reactions were performed using the GeneAmpRNA PCR kit according to the manufacturer's instructions (Applied Biosystems). Real-time quantitative PCR analysis was performed using an ABI Prism 7700 Sequence Detector. Specific primers and probes for each gene were designed using Primer Express 2.0 software. Amplicon sizes were 67 bp for mNdr1 and 98 bp for mNdr2. TaqMan PCR reactions were performed for mNdr1, mNdr2, and 18 S rRNA according to the user's manual. Details of primers and probes are available on request. Relative quantitations were performed by comparing the corrected Ct value of each tissue to the corrected Ct value of the brain, as described in the ABI PRISM 7700 User Bulletin No. 2. Bacterial Expression and Kinase Assay of Human GST-fused NDR2—Expression of pGEX-2T_NDR2 species in the BL21-DE3 (pRep4) Escherichia coli strain and in vitro kinase assays (autophosphorylation in presence or absence of 100 μm CaCl2 and 10 μm bovine S100B (Sigma)) were performed as described previously for NDR1 (11Tamaskovic R. Bichsel S.J. Rogniaux H. Stegert M.R. Hemmings B.A. J. Biol. Chem. 2002; 278: 6710-6718Abstract Full Text Full Text PDF PubMed Scopus (68) Google Scholar). Cell Culture and HA-NDR2 Kinase Assay—Culture, transfection of COS-1 and COS-7 cells, and measurement of kinase activity of HANDR2 variants were as described previously for HA-NDR1 (9Millward T.A. Heizmann C.W. Schafer B.W. Hemmings B.A. EMBO J. 1998; 17: 5913-5922Crossref PubMed Scopus (126) Google Scholar). Western Blotting—Immunodetection of NDR2 phosphorylated on Thr-75, Ser-282, or Thr-442 was as described previously (11Tamaskovic R. Bichsel S.J. Rogniaux H. Stegert M.R. Hemmings B.A. J. Biol. Chem. 2002; 278: 6710-6718Abstract Full Text Full Text PDF PubMed Scopus (68) Google Scholar). Mass Spectrometry—Analysis of the phosphorylation sites of GSTNDR2 was performed according to Tamaskovic et al. (11Tamaskovic R. Bichsel S.J. Rogniaux H. Stegert M.R. Hemmings B.A. J. Biol. Chem. 2002; 278: 6710-6718Abstract Full Text Full Text PDF PubMed Scopus (68) Google Scholar). Immunofluorescence Microscopy—Exponentially growing cells were plated on coverslips and transfected the next day with indicated constructs using FuGENE 6 (Roche) as described by the manufacturer. After 24 h of transfection, cells were washed with PBS and fixed in 3% paraformaldehyde, 2% sucrose in PBS at pH 7.4 for 10 min at 37 °C. They were then permeabilized using 0.2% Triton X-100 in PBS for 2 min at room temperature. All subsequent steps were carried out at room temperature. Coverslips were rinsed twice with PBS and incubated for 1 h with anti-HA Y11 (Santa Cruz Biotechnology) diluted in PBS containing 1% BSA, 1% goat serum. After three 1-min washes in PBS, goat anti-rabbit fluorescein isothiocyanate (Sigma) was used as secondary antibody. DNA was counterstained with 4 μg/ml Hoechst (Sigma). Coverslips were then inverted into 5 μl of Vectashield medium (Vector Laboratories). Images were obtained with an Eclipse E800 microscope using a CoolPix950 digital camera (Nikon) and processed using Adobe Photoshop 6.0 (Adobe Systems Inc.). Only cells with intact nuclei were included in the statistical evaluation. Cells expressing GFP-NDR2 were fixed and then stained for DNA without permeabilization and antibody incubation steps. Conservation of NDR Kinases—BLAST searches of the NCBI data base identified the human KIAA0965 clone (GenBank™ accession number AB023182/hj06174s1) as a partial cDNA with significant homology to human NDR1 protein kinase. We determined the sequences of hNdr2, mNdr1, and mNdr2 cDNAs and the corresponding mouse genes. The deduced amino acids sequences were compared and aligned to the known sequences of hNDR1, Drosophila melanogaster NDR TRC, C. elegans NDR SAX-1, and S. cerevisiae Cbk1 (Fig. 1A). The human and mouse NDR1 sequences show 99% identity, the NDR2 sequences show 97% identity, and NDR1 and NDR2 show an identity of 86%, indicating an extremely high sequence conservation during evolution ranging to flies (68%), worms (67% identity), and yeast (47% identity). Human and mouse NDR2 are 464 amino acids long with a predicted mass of 54 kDa. Gene mapping indicates that hNdr1 and mNdr1 as well as hNdr2 and mNdr2 are located on orthologous regions; hNdr1 maps to 6p21 (17Tripodis N. Palmer S. Phillips S. Milne S. Beck S. Ragoussis J. Genome Res. 2000; 10: 454-472Crossref PubMed Scopus (9) Google Scholar) and hNdr2 to 12p12.3. The corresponding mouse genes map to 17B1 and 6G2-G3. In addition, pseudogenes of Ndr2 were found on chromosomes 1D and 8A1.2 of the mouse genome. The human and mouse genes consist of 14 exons with conserved intron-exon boundaries. Exon 1 is a noncoding exon containing 5′-untranslated region, exon 2 contains the start codon, and the stop codon is located in exon 14 (data not shown). Tissue-specific Expression of Ndr1 and -2—TaqMan real-time PCR analysis was used to examine the differential expression of mNdr1 and mNdr2 in mouse tissues obtained from three different mice (Fig. 2). The expression of 18 S rRNA was used as a reference gene to correct for reverse transcription-PCR efficiency of each sample. The highest expression levels of mNdr1 were observed in spleen, lung, thymus, brain, and fat tissue, whereas mNdr2 expression was found mainly in the large and small intestine, as well as in the stomach and testis. Assuming similar PCR efficiency for both reactions, mNdr2 appears to be the predominantly expressed isoform in mice. These data suggest tissue-specific functions of NDR1 and NDR2 in mammals. Regulation of NDR2 Kinase Activity—A comparison of the NDR2 and NDR1 sequences showed that NDR2 contains three conserved phosphorylation sites corresponding to the described NDR1 phosphorylation sites Thr-75, Ser-281, and Thr-444 (10Millward T.A. Hess D. Hemmings B.A. J. Biol. Chem. 1999; 274: 33847-33850Abstract Full Text Full Text PDF PubMed Scopus (88) Google Scholar). NDR2 mutants were created in which Thr-75, Ser-282, or Thr-442 was replaced by an alanine, and a kinase-dead mutant, K119A, was also made. The protein kinase activity of each of these mutants was measured following treatment of transfected COS-1 cells with 1 μm okadaic acid (OA) or with solvent alone for 1 h. HA-NDR2-WT was potently stimulated (∼10-fold) by OA (Fig. 3). All three phosphorylation site mutants (T75A, S282A, and T442A) displayed reduced basal activity and could not be stimulated by treatment with OA. The K119A mutation reduced basal activity to almost undetectable levels and, as expected, abolished the activation by OA. Western blot analysis of the regulatory phosphorylation site mutants T75A, S282A, T442A, and wild type with phospho-specific antibodies, which recognize the phospho-epitopes Ser-282P and Thr-442P, showed that NDR2 became phosphorylated on Ser-282 in wild type, T442A, and T75A and that this phosphorylation increased after OA treatment with the wild type and T442A but not with the mutant T75A. The kinase-dead K119A mutant was not phosphorylated on Ser-282, indicating that Ser-282 is an autophosphorylation site. Thr-442 became phosphorylated upon OA treatment in NDR2 wild type, as well as in the S282A, T75A, and K119A mutants, suggesting that Thr-442 is phosphorylated independently of NDR2 activity and is therefore targeted by an upstream kinase (Fig. 3). These results confirmed that phosphorylation on both the activation segment phosphorylation site Ser-282 and the regulatory hydrophobic motif phosphorylation site Thr-442 is required for NDR2 activation. In addition, NDR2 activity also depends on the presence of Thr-75 in the N-terminal regulatory domain. Constitutively Active NDR2—The phosphorylation of Ser/Thr residues can be mimicked by substitution of Asp or Glu for several kinases (14Alessi D.R. Andjelkovic M. Caudwell B. Cron P. Morrice N. Cohen P. Hemmings B.A. EMBO. 1996; 15: 6541-6551Crossref PubMed Scopus (2511) Google Scholar). However, we have recently shown that T444D or T444E mutations have only a very moderate effect (1.5-2-fold activation) on NDR1 kinase activity (10Millward T.A. Hess D. Hemmings B.A. J. Biol. Chem. 1999; 274: 33847-33850Abstract Full Text Full Text PDF PubMed Scopus (88) Google Scholar). Previous studies with protein kinase B showed that activation of the kinase and engagement of the N-terminal lobe hydrophobic groove, which is dependent on an ordered α-C helix, could also be achieved by substituting the hydrophobic motif of protein kinase B with the constitutive active hydrophobic motif of PRK2 (PIFtide) (15Yang J. Cron P. Good V.M. Thompson V. Hemmings B.A. Barford D. Nat. Struct. Biol. 2002; 9: 940-944Crossref PubMed Scopus (430) Google Scholar). Based on the similarities of AGC group kinases, we created an NDR2-PIFtide chimera, aiming to generate an active kinase. Indeed, the NDR2-PIFtide had a more than 20-fold elevated basal kinase activity and even showed an increase in activity compared with OA-stimulated NDR2 (Fig. 4A). Phosphorylation site analysis showed increased Ser-282 phosphorylation in the NDR2-PIFtide chimera, suggesting an increased autophosphorylation activity (Fig. 4B). Therefore, we have shown that substitution of the hydrophobic motif of NDR2 with the PIFtide sequence results in a constitutively active NDR2 kinase, thus describing for the first time a constitutively active variant of the NDR protein kinase. Activation of NDR2 by S100B—The sequence conservation between NDR1 and NDR2 also encompasses the previously defined S100B-binding domain of NDR1 (see Fig. 1). Therefore, the in vitro effect of Ca2+/S100B on NDR2 activity was investigated. Ca2+/S100B increased the rate of NDR2 autophosphorylation ∼2-fold after a 4-h incubation (Fig. 5A) and stimulated specific NDR activity in a concentration-dependent manner ∼4-fold (Fig. 5B). This suggests that NDR2 activation by Ca2+/S100B also occurs by the mechanism reported for NDR1 (9Millward T.A. Heizmann C.W. Schafer B.W. Hemmings B.A. EMBO J. 1998; 17: 5913-5922Crossref PubMed Scopus (126) Google Scholar, 11Tamaskovic R. Bichsel S.J. Rogniaux H. Stegert M.R. Hemmings B.A. J. Biol. Chem. 2002; 278: 6710-6718Abstract Full Text Full Text PDF PubMed Scopus (68) Google Scholar). After in vitro incubation of GST-NDR2 in the presence and absence of Ca2+/S100B, the proteins were digested with trypsin and the resultant mixture analyzed by electrospray ionization-tandem mass spectrometry in a -79 precursor scan (18Carr S.A. Huddleston M.J. Annan R.S. Anal. Biochem. 1996; 239: 180-192Crossref PubMed Scopus (332) Google Scholar). This technique measures the mass to charge ratio (m/z) of all peptide species liberating a single phosphate group after fragmentation. Five (NDR2-derived) phospho-peptides were identified in both samples (the GST-NDR2 and the GST-NDR2/Ca2+/S100B), corresponding to the phosphorylation sites Thr-75, Ser-282, and Thr-442 (Fig. 5C). These results demonstrate that S100B proteins regulate NDR2 by a mechanism similar to that reported for NDR1 (11Tamaskovic R. Bichsel S.J. Rogniaux H. Stegert M.R. Hemmings B.A. J. Biol. Chem. 2002; 278: 6710-6718Abstract Full Text Full Text PDF PubMed Scopus (68) Google Scholar). Localization of NDR2—To examine the subcellular localization of NDR2, COS-7 and HeLa cells were transfected with either N-terminally GFP-tagged NDR2 (GFP-NDR2) or HANDR2 and processed for indirect immunofluorescence (Fig. 6A; data not shown). A statistical analysis showed that both proteins were detected mainly in the cytoplasm of both COS-7 cells and HeLa cells under these experimental settings (Fig. 6B). Similar results were also obtained when U2-OS cells were studied (data not shown). Thus, in marked contrast to the localization pattern described for NDR1 (2Millward T. Cron P. Hemmings B.A. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A. 1995; 92: 5022-5026Crossref PubMed Scopus (69) Google Scholar), NDR2 was not localized predominantly to nuclear structures. For unknown reasons, NDR2 was found to be mainly cytoplasmic even though it contains the same NLS as NDR1 (see Fig. 1). In this study, we have described the cloning and characterization of the NDR2 protein kinase, a second isoform of mammalian NDR protein kinase. The extremely high level of conservation of NDR protein kinases throughout the eukaryotic world indicates that this kinase is subject to a very high evolutionary pressure. Mouse and human NDR kinases also show an absolutely conserved gene organization of 14 exons. It is likely that the kinases are components of a conserved signaling pathway (1Tamaskovic R. Bichsel S.J. Hemmings B.A. FEBS Lett. 2003; 546: 73-80Crossref PubMed Scopus (91) Google Scholar). This has been shown genetically already for one component of the pathway, the Furry/Mor2/Pag1 protein, mutation of which results in similar phenotypes in D. melanogaster, S. pombe, and S. cerevisiae as reported for NDR kinase mutations (19Cong J. Geng W. He B. Liu J. Charlton J. Adler P.N. Development. 2001; 128: 2793-2802PubMed Google Scholar, 20Du L.L. Novick P. Mol. Biol. Cell. 2002; 13: 503-514Crossref PubMed Scopus (80) Google Scholar, 21Hirata D. Kishimoto N. Suda M. Sogabe Y. Nakagawa S. Yoshida Y. Sakai K. Mizunuma M. Miyakawa T. Ishiguro J. Toda T. EMBO J. 2002; 21: 4863-4874Crossref PubMed Scopus (50) Google Scholar). There is no information on the function of the human Furry protein. Our results show that NDR2 is regulated by multi-site phosphorylation similar to many of the AGC family of protein kinases. Mutation of one or both phosphorylation site residues, Ser-282 and Thr-442, of NDR2 led to an almost total loss of kinase activity, suggesting that both residues are essential for kinase activity. This is not surprising as similar observations have been made for other AGC group kinases. Recent structural studies of protein kinase B have delineated a mechanism by which multi-site phosphorylation brings about structural changes involving both disorder-to-order transitions of the alpha B and C helices and the ordering of the activation segment, concomitant with converting the kinase to a fully 1000-fold activated enzyme (13Yang J. Cron P. Thompson V. Good V.M. Hess D. Hemmings B.A. Barford D. Mol. Cell. 2002; 9: 1227-1240Abstract Full Text Full Text PDF PubMed Scopus (367) Google Scholar, 15Yang J. Cron P. Good V.M. Thompson V. Hemmings B.A. Barford D. Nat. Struct. Biol. 2002; 9: 940-944Crossref PubMed Scopus (430) Google Scholar). Significantly, NDR2 becomes phosphorylated on three residues in vitro. The major site, Ser-282, which is conserved among all AGC group kinases, is an essential part of the activation segment of the kinase. The second site, Thr-75, is located within the S100B-binding domain, and the third site, Thr-442, which is also conserved in the AGC group superfamily, is located outside of the kinase domain in a region enriched with hydrophobic amino acid residues (“hydrophobic motif”). In vivo mutation of the phosphorylation site residues Ser-282 and Thr-442 of NDR2 ablated kinase activity and blocked activation. In wild-type NDR2, both residues were phosphorylated upon OA stimulation, whereas in the kinase-dead mutant K119A, only the hydrophobic motif phosphorylation site, Thr-442, was phosphorylated, suggesting that the kinase activity of NDR2 is required only for phosphorylation of Ser-282. Therefore, NDR2 is phosphorylated by an upstream kinase at the C-terminal hydrophobic site in OA-stimulated COS-1 cells. However, we cannot rule out the possibility that Thr-442 autophosphorylation observed in vitro also contributes to the overall phosphorylation at this residue in vivo. Autophosphorylation on the activation segment residue has also been reported for other members of the AGC kinases such as cAMP-dependent protein kinase and protein kinase Cδ (22Yonemoto W. McGlone M.L. Grant B. Taylor S.S. Protein Eng. 1997; 10: 915-925Crossref PubMed Scopus (85) Google Scholar, 23Le Good J.A. Ziegler W.H. Parekh D.B. Alessi D.R. Cohen P. Parker P.J. Science. 1998; 281: 2042-2045Crossref PubMed Scopus (972) Google Scholar). This suggests that autophosphorylation is an alternative mechanism of activation of the few AGC kinases that are not targeted by PDK1 (for review, see Ref. 24Leslie N.R. Biondi R.M. Alessi D.R. Chem Rev. 2001; 101: 2365-2380Crossref PubMed Scopus (98) Google Scholar). The specificity of activation of AGC group kinases is likely to be mediated by the phosphorylation of the hydrophobic motif residue. For the NDR kinases, some significant clues suggest that upstream kinases are members of the Ste20 family. For example, the upstream kinase of Dbf2 was identified as Cdc15, one of the budding yeast Ste20-like kinases (25Mah A.S. Jang J. Deshaies R.J. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. 2001; 98: 7325-7330Crossref PubMed Scopus (161) Google Scholar), and the fission yeast Ste20-like kinase Pak1/Shk1 was reported to interact genetically with Orb6 (8Verde F. Wiley D.J. Nurse P. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A. 1998; 95: 7526-7531Crossref PubMed Scopus (176) Google Scholar). The identification of this so far unknown upstream kinase for NDR will provide important information about the physiological regulation of the NDR protein kinase, which in turn could provide hints about the conditions under which this tightly controlled kinase is activated in vivo. As demonstrated for protein kinase B, the PIFtide sequence leads to an ordered structure and therefore fully active hydrophobic motif, concomitant with an activation of the kinase (15Yang J. Cron P. Good V.M. Thompson V. Hemmings B.A. Barford D. Nat. Struct. Biol. 2002; 9: 940-944Crossref PubMed Scopus (430) Google Scholar). The similarities within the AGC group kinases in sequence similarity and mode of activation enabled us to create a constitutive active NDR2 by substituting the C terminus of NDR2 with the PIFtide sequence. The NDR2-PIFtide showed an even higher activity than the OA-stimulated kinase. This is probably because of an intrinsic stimulation of the autophosphorylation activity by keeping the kinase in the active state, which is also reflected by the increased Ser-282 phosphorylation in the NDR2-PIFtide. The constitutive active kinase will likely prove a valuable tool for the identification of downstream targets of NDR2 protein kinase. The in vivo significance of the phosphorylation at Thr-74 in NDR1 and Thr-75 in NDR2 is unclear thus far. This threonine is within the identified S100B-binding domain of NDR protein kinase, and its mutation is critical for NDR protein kinase activity. This might be because of a missing phosphorylation event or because this residue may be structurally important for the NDR-S100B interaction. Nevertheless, recent data show that Thr-75 is not directly involved in the binding of S100B, suggesting that the phosphorylation modulates the affinity between the two proteins (26Bhattacharya S. Large E. Heizmann C.W. Hemmings B. Chazin W.J. Biochemistry. 2003; 42: 14416-14426Crossref PubMed Scopus (82) Google Scholar). Conservation of the kinase also encompasses the S100B-binding domain, and the mechanism of in vitro activation by S100B appears to be identical for NDR1 and NDR2. The homology between the mammalian, fly, worm, and yeast NDR kinases suggests that this mode of activation will be similar in all organisms. The subcellular localization of NDR2 was rather surprising considering the high sequence similarity between NDR1 and NDR2. Whereas NDR1 was reported to be mainly nuclear (2Millward T. Cron P. Hemmings B.A. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A. 1995; 92: 5022-5026Crossref PubMed Scopus (69) Google Scholar), we detected NDR2 predominantly localized to cytoplasmic structures in our experimental settings. This might reflect different functions and/or substrate specificities of NDR1 and NDR2 within subcellular compartments. Most importantly, the two mammalian isoforms differ mainly in their tissue- and cell type-specific expression patterns. It is striking that mNdr2 is expressed mainly in highly proliferative tissues with high cellular turnover, such as the stomach and the large and small intestines. Interestingly, hNdr1 was recently found to be up-regulated in highly necrotic and progressive ductal carcinoma in situ, as well as in some melanoma cell lines (9Millward T.A. Heizmann C.W. Schafer B.W. Hemmings B.A. EMBO J. 1998; 17: 5913-5922Crossref PubMed Scopus (126) Google Scholar, 27Adeyinka A. Emberley E. Niu Y. Snell L. Murphy L.C. Sowter H. Wykoff C.C. Harris A.L. Watson P.H. Clin. Cancer Res. 2002; 8: 3788-3795PubMed Google Scholar). Significantly hNdr2 is up-regulated in the highly metastatic non-small cell lung cancer cell line NCI-H460 (28Ross D.T. Scherf U. Eisen M.B. Perou C.M. Rees C. Spellman P. Iyer V. Jeffrey S.S. Van de Rijn M. Waltham M. Pergamenschikov A. Lee J.C. Lashkari D. Shalon D. Myers T.G. Weinstein J.N. Botstein D. Brown P.O. Nat. Genet. 2000; 24: 227-235Crossref PubMed Scopus (1821) Google Scholar), suggesting a potential role of NDR protein kinase in the regulation of cancer cell morphology and migration. The major outstanding task for the future will be the full delineation of the novel highly conserved NDR signaling pathway. Of considerable importance is the question of the identification of the predicted agonist and receptor that initiate kinase activation. The answer may then help us understand how NDR contributes to the regulation of cell morphogenesis and proliferation and how these signals are disrupted in transformed cells. Mouse knockout studies may reveal whether the observed differences in tissue-specific expression and subcellular localization of NDR1 and NDR2 reflect differences in their functions. We thank Daniel Hess, Hélène Rogniaux, and Jan Hofsteenge for technical support during the MS analysis." @default.
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• W2079718657 title "Regulation of NDR2 Protein Kinase by Multi-site Phosphorylation and the S100B Calcium-binding Protein" @default.
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