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• W2079764939 abstract "Abstract The basic theory upon which the microwave Electro-magnetic Propagation Tool (EPT) has been founded is reviewed, and the measurement technique is discussed in terns of a functional block diagram. Two methods of interpreting the propagating wave's measured phase and attenuation are reviewed. Specific log examples which distinguish between hydrocarbon and water-bearing zones in several lithologies are presented. Introduction Since the introduction of Schlumberger's experimental microwave electromagnetic propagation tool, significant advances have been achieved in the areas of instrumentation design and interpretation technique. This paper reviews the theory of electromagnetic propagation and the operating principles of the tool. propagation and the operating principles of the tool. Emphasis is placed on the major improvements provided in the commercial equipment. These advances include increased sensitivity for logging in lower resistivity formations, improved temperature and pressure rating, the addition of a microlog measurement, and the combinability with neutron, gamma ray, and either of two types of density tools. The large number of measurements and computations from a single trip into the borehole are easily handled with Schlumberger's Cyber Service Unit (CSU) logging units. The increased range of tool measurements has required a revision in interpretation technique. A new method using the complex refractive index method (CRIM) is described. Another method which closely approximates the CRIM technique and which is presently implemented in CSU is presented, and two specific log examples are discussed. The apparent water-filled porosity computed by this technique is compared with porosity computed by this technique is compared with the neutron-density derived porosity with the result being the discrimination between hydrocarbon and waterbearing zones. This hydrocarbon detection technique does not require the knowledge of water resistivity, thus making the technique valuable in residual oil evaluation. MEASUREMENT THEORY The electrical characteristics of a material can be completely described by its dielectric permittivity epsilon, magnetic permeability mu, and electrical conductivity sigma. The magnetic permeability of most common formations is close to the magnetic permeability of free space, mu o, and the variation of this parameter is generally too small to be of any interest. Electrical conductivity has been, and still is, an extremely useful parameter for formation evaluation. Resistivity and induction tools make low frequency measurements of this parameter. Electrical permittivity measurements are not amenable to measurements at low frequency as the displacement current is such a small fraction of the total current; however, measurements of electrical permittivity can be made at higher frequencies where permittivity can be made at higher frequencies where the displacement current is a significant fraction of the total current. The electrical permittivity of a medium is proportional to the dipole moment per unit volume. Contribution to the dipole moments comes from electronic, ionic, and dipolar polarization mechanisms. All materials exhibit electronic polarization. This is the only polarization mechanisms present in nonconducting, non-polar materials. However, if other polarization mechanisms are present, electronic polarization is a small fraction of the total polarization is a small fraction of the total contribution. One type of ionic polarization is present when conductive materials are dispersed in present when conductive materials are dispersed in nonconductive media. Because of the inertia of the ions, their contribution to electrical permittivity above a few megahertz is negligible. Polar molecules can exhibit a high dielectric constant up to the frequency where the inertia of the dipoles prohibits the reorientation of the dipoles with variation in the amplitude and direction of the applied electric field. With the exception of water, few polar substances are found abundantly in nature. The relative dielectric permittivities or dielectric constants of some of the permittivities or dielectric constants of some of the common geological materials at a frequency of 1.1 GHz are listed in Table 1. As can be seen, the relative dielectric permittivity of rock matrix materials is much lower than that for water. Therefore, the measured permittivity at these low microwave frequencies is primarily a function of the water-filled porosity. porosity." @default.
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• W2079764939 date "1980-05-14" @default.
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• W2079764939 title "Advancements In Electromagnetic Propagation Logging" @default.
• W2079764939 doi "https://doi.org/10.2118/9041-ms" @default.
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