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• W2080302595 abstract "-When potential predators, male Phainopeplas (Phainopepla nitens) utter smoothly upswept vocalizations, unlike the harsh, staccato calls of other birds and mammals. A Phainopepla repeats this call as it approaches the bottom of its diving arc over the predator. We suggest that these calls do not serve to attract additional mobbers to the scene. Rather, they appear to emphasize the diving attacks directed toward the predator. Birds and mammals commonly call while harassing or mobbing potential predators. Mobbing calls are usually characterized by wide frequency-spectra, sharp onset and termination, and rapid repetition, giving them harsh or click-like qualities (Marler 1955, 1969). These acoustic characteristics enhance the ability of potential mobbers (and predators) to locate the source of the sound (Marler 1955, Konishi 1973, Owens and Goss-Custard 1976, Shalter and Schleidt 1977, Shalter 1978). Most published discussions of calls emphasize the interspecific similarity in their acoustic structure, especially when compared to the songs of the same species (e.g., Marler and Hamilton 1966). Indeed, the emphasis on presumed convergence on a single acoustic structure for calls even extends to non-avian species, including a primate (Vencl 1977) and sciurid rodents (see references in Owings and Leger 1980). In spite of these widespread similarities, we should not expect all birds to arrive at the same acoustic structure in their calls. First, the average proximity of the caller to other individuals that may be recruited to the assemblage can vary widely among species, thus favoring long-distance sound conduction in some species but not in others. When communicating over long distances, habitat structure (e.g., vegetation density) and meteorological variables (e.g., air turbulence) may act as selection pressures favoring certain acoustic features over others (for details see Morton 1975, Marten and Marler 1977, Wiley and Richards 1978). Second, the function of calls may vary across species (Curio 1978). For example, calls may serve to attract others to the predator so that group action may drive it away. However, calls can also be predator-directed, that is, a means of harassing or distracting the predator in a manner analogous to the diving attacks commonly performed by mobbers. If calls are in fact predator-directed, the acoustic structure may reflect this use and one might expect less emphasis on features that enhance their localization. We describe here a call that appears to differ from those typical of most birds and mammals. The calls are those of male Phainopeplas (Phainopepla nitens) in central California (see Walsberg 1977, 1978, and Willis 1976, for discussions of Phainopepla breeding habits and ecology)." @default.
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• W2080302595 date "1981-11-01" @default.
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• W2080302595 title "Mobbing Calls of the Phainopepla" @default.
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• W2080302595 doi "https://doi.org/10.2307/1367509" @default.
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