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- W2080521535 abstract "N CONSIDERING the historical development of ideas regarding brain pituitary relationships, one is faced with the problem of a starting point. Two periods of time might logically be taken: firstly the period of Galen (130 201 A.D.) or secondly, about 1930. The Galenic Doctrine held that blood endowed with vital spirits was carried to the brain where it underwent a reaction in which animal spirits were formed. The waste products of this re action passed by the funnel-shaped infundibulum from the base of the brain to the pituitary gland, and thence by ducts to the nasal cavity. Here the ex creta formed the pituita or nasal mucus. These ideas were current for some fourteen hundred years until the work of Schneider of Wittenburg, and Lower of Oxford disproved the direct passage of material from the hypophysis to the nasal cavity. However in the last thirty years the idea that the pituitary stalk acts as a structure transmitting materials from the brain to the pituitary gland has been revived. TI1Cse materials are now thought to be polypeptides which 'are transmitted either along the .nerve fibers of the hypothalamo-hypophysial tract to the posterior pituitary gland, or along the hypophysial portal vessels to the anterior pituitary gland. TIle development of modern ideas on hypothalamic-releasing factors may be taken to begin with the papers of F. H. A. Marshall (summarized in two re views, 1936 and 1~42) in which he emphasized the importance of environmen tal stimuli, acting through the nervous system and anterior pituitary gland, in regulating reproductive rhythms and cycles. The strong supposition emerged from Marshall's observations that the central nervous system, especially the hypothalamic region, exerted a controlling influence over the secretion of gonadotrophic hormone from thennterior pituitary gland, and this in' turn led to a search for an innervation of the gland. Although various nerve path ways to the gland were ~uggested-such as an innervation through the cervical sympathetic system and carotid plexus, through the parasympathetic system via the 'greater superficial petrosal nerves, or through the pituitary stalk di rectly from the hypothalamus-no convincing evidence was forthcoming that the gland received any but a very sparse nerve supply, if any at all. yet simultaneously with these negative results, work was proceeding which provided strong support for Marshall's contention that the hypothalamus in fluenced anterior pituitary secretion. Electrical stimulation' of dillerent regions of the hypothalamus was found to result in discharge of various anterior pi tuitary hormones-the luteinizing hormone (LH) (Harris, 1937, 1948; Ha terius and Derbyshire, 1937), the adrenocorticotrophic hormone '(ACTH) (de Groot and Harris, 1950; Hume and Wittenstein, 1950) and the thyrothro" @default.
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- W2080521535 date "1964-10-01" @default.
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- W2080521535 title "The development of ideas regarding hypothalamic-releasing factors" @default.
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- W2080521535 doi "https://doi.org/10.1016/s0026-0495(64)80034-2" @default.
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