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• W2080822513 abstract "Many experiments have shown that the interactions between the supplies of water and of plant nutrients have large effects on crop production and on the efficiencies of both irrigation and fertilizers. Biological constraints, such as pests and diseases, also affect the returns from these inputs. High efficiency in the use of water is only achieved when crops have access to adequate supplies of nutrients. Similarly, full returns from fertilizers are obtained only when water supplies are sufficient for the needs of the crop; but water applied in excess or at inappropriate times may cause large losses of mobile nutrients, particularly of nitrogen, from the system. Water status regulates the processes of mass flow and diffusion of solutes in soils, which determine nutrient uptake. Water-use efficiency depends on physiological processes in plants and these are affected by nutrients. Nitrogen is often responsible for rapid increases in leaf area so that photosynthesis is increased and evaporation of water from the soil surface is reduced. Potassium ions have a vital role in osmotic processes in the plant, and particularly in stomatal regulation. The effects of drought are often associated with reduced phosphate uptake. Water supplies also regulate the microbiological processes involved in soil fertility, and particularly the biological fixation of nitrogen. Experiments have shown that the method and timing of irrigation affects the efficiency of fertilizers. Therefore the practical management of crop nutrition and irrigation should be carefully coordinated to secure the maximum return from both inputs to the system. Drip (trickle) irrigation systems make it possible to apply both inputs in one operation to the roots of the crop (‘fertigation’) so that maximum fertilizer efficiency is achieved. There is a case for further investigations on subsurface irrigation for appropriate crops and conditions. In the further research that is required to achieve high efficiency in irrigated production systems the emphasis must be on multidisciplinary field experimentation, testing water, fertilizers, and other inputs needed in the system. The experiments will also form a basis for the work needed in both plant physiology and soil science. This research should lead to the development of models of the production systems, which will be used as a basis for the improved recommendations to farmers on the use of water and of fertilizers which are needed to improve food production." @default.
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• W2080822513 date "1986-02-13" @default.
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• W2080822513 title "The interactions between the supplies of water and of nutrients available to crops: implications for practical progress and for scientific work" @default.
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• W2080822513 doi "https://doi.org/10.1098/rsta.1986.0012" @default.
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