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- W2082459636 abstract "Our previous studies indicate that the majority of <i>in vitro</i> monocyte/macrophage activation exhibited by extracts of <i>Echinacea</i> depends on bacterial components. In the present study, total bacterial load was determined within <i>E. purpurea</i> samples and ranged from 6.4 × 10<sup>6</sup> to 3.3 × 10<sup>8</sup> bacteria/g of dry plant material. To estimate total bacterial load, we developed a PCR-based quantification method that circumvents the problems associated with nonviable/nonculturable cells (which precludes using plate counts) or the coamplification of mitochondrial or chloroplast DNA with the use of universal bacterial primers (which precludes the use of qPCR). Differences in total bacterial load within <i>Echinacea</i> samples were strongly correlated with the activity (NF-κB activation in THP-1 cells) and content of bacterial lipopolysaccharides within extracts of this plant material. These results add to the growing body of evidence that bacteria within <i>Echinacea</i> are the main source of components responsible for enhancing innate immune function." @default.
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- W2082459636 date "2012-12-04" @default.
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- W2082459636 title "Total Bacterial Load within Echinacea purpurea, Determined Using a New PCR-based Quantification Method, is Correlated with LPS Levels and In Vitro Macrophage Activity" @default.
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- W2082459636 doi "https://doi.org/10.1055/s-0032-1328023" @default.
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