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• W2082602297 abstract "We reviewed recent data on the prevalence, risk factors, complications, and management of trauma during pregnancy. Using the terms “trauma” and “pregnancy” along with specified mechanisms of injury, we queried the PubMed database for studies reported from Jan. 1, 1990, through May 1, 2012. Studies with the largest number of patients for a given injury type and that were population-based and/or prospective were included. Case reports and case series were used only when more robust studies were lacking. A total of 1164 abstracts were reviewed and 225 met criteria for inclusion. Domestic violence/intimate partner violence and motor vehicle crashes are the predominant causes of reported trauma during pregnancy. Management of trauma during pregnancy is dictated by its severity and should be initially geared toward maternal stabilization. Minor trauma can often be safely evaluated with simple diagnostic modalities. Pregnancy should not lead to underdiagnosis or undertreatment of trauma due to unfounded fears of fetal effects. More studies are required to elucidate the safest and most cost-effective strategies for the management of trauma in pregnancy. We reviewed recent data on the prevalence, risk factors, complications, and management of trauma during pregnancy. Using the terms “trauma” and “pregnancy” along with specified mechanisms of injury, we queried the PubMed database for studies reported from Jan. 1, 1990, through May 1, 2012. Studies with the largest number of patients for a given injury type and that were population-based and/or prospective were included. Case reports and case series were used only when more robust studies were lacking. A total of 1164 abstracts were reviewed and 225 met criteria for inclusion. Domestic violence/intimate partner violence and motor vehicle crashes are the predominant causes of reported trauma during pregnancy. Management of trauma during pregnancy is dictated by its severity and should be initially geared toward maternal stabilization. Minor trauma can often be safely evaluated with simple diagnostic modalities. Pregnancy should not lead to underdiagnosis or undertreatment of trauma due to unfounded fears of fetal effects. More studies are required to elucidate the safest and most cost-effective strategies for the management of trauma in pregnancy. Although its precise incidence is not known, trauma is estimated to complicate approximately 1 in 12 pregnancies1Hill C.C. Pickinpaugh J. Trauma and surgical emergencies in the obstetric patient.Surg Clin North Am. 2008; 88: 421-440Abstract Full Text Full Text PDF PubMed Scopus (68) Google Scholar and is the leading nonobstetrical cause of maternal death.2Fildes J. Reed L. Jones N. Martin M. Barrett J. Trauma: the leading cause of maternal death.J Trauma. 1992; 32: 643-645Crossref PubMed Scopus (224) Google Scholar Trauma has fetal implications as well, and has been reported to increase the incidence of spontaneous abortion (SAB), preterm premature rupture of membranes, preterm birth (PTB), uterine rupture, cesarean delivery, placental abruption, and stillbirth.3Pearlman M.D. Tintinallli J.E. Lorenz R.P. A prospective controlled study of outcome after trauma during pregnancy.Am J Obstet Gynecol. 1990; 162: 1502-1507Abstract Full Text PDF PubMed Scopus (261) Google Scholar, 4Schiff M.A. Holt V.L. Daling J.R. Maternal and infant outcomes after injury during pregnancy in Washington state from 1989 to 1997.J Trauma. 2002; 53: 939-945Crossref PubMed Scopus (71) Google Scholar, 5Pak L.L. Reece E.A. Chan L. Is adverse pregnancy outcome predictable after blunt abdominal trauma?.Am J Obstet Gynecol. 1998; 179: 1140-1144Abstract Full Text Full Text PDF PubMed Scopus (63) Google Scholar, 6El-Kady D. Gilbert W.M. Anderson J. Danielsen B. Towner D. Smith L.H. Trauma during pregnancy: an analysis of maternal and fetal outcomes in a large population.Am J Obstet Gynecol. 2004; 190: 1661-1668Abstract Full Text Full Text PDF PubMed Scopus (179) Google Scholar, 7Schiff M.A. Holt V.L. Pregnancy outcomes following hospitalization for motor vehicle crashes in Washington state from 1989 to 2001.Am J Epidemiol. 2005; 161: 503-510Crossref PubMed Scopus (79) Google Scholar In a 16-state fetal death certificate study conducted over 3 years, the rate of fetal death from maternal trauma was calculated to be 2.3 per 100,000 live births,8Weiss H.B. Songer T.J. Fabio A. Fetal deaths related to maternal injury.JAMA. 2001; 286: 1863-1868Crossref PubMed Scopus (172) Google Scholar with placental abruption as a major contributing factor.9Shah K.H. Simons R.K. Holbrook T. Fortlage D. Winchell R.J. Hoyt D.B. Trauma in pregnancy: maternal and fetal outcomes.J Trauma. 1998; 45: 83-86Crossref PubMed Scopus (148) Google Scholar By one estimate, as many as 1 in 3 pregnant women admitted to the hospital for trauma will deliver during her hospitalization.10Kuo C. Jamieson D.J. McPheeters M.L. Meikle S.F. Posner S.F. Injury hospitalizations of pregnant women in the United States, 2002.Am J Obstet Gynecol. 2007; 196: 161.e1-161.e6Abstract Full Text Full Text PDF Scopus (41) Google Scholar Clearly the rate will vary depending on the criteria used for hospitalizing pregnant women with trauma. While pregnancy per se does not appear to increase morbidity or mortality due to trauma, the presence of a gravid uterus does alter the pattern of injury.9Shah K.H. Simons R.K. Holbrook T. Fortlage D. Winchell R.J. Hoyt D.B. Trauma in pregnancy: maternal and fetal outcomes.J Trauma. 1998; 45: 83-86Crossref PubMed Scopus (148) Google Scholar Although the literature on trauma in pregnancy is quite extensive, unbiased estimates of the overall impact of trauma on maternal and fetal outcomes are scarce, and the optimal means of monitoring and treating pregnant women who have suffered trauma remain uncertain. The purpose of this report is to present a concise review of the most recent data (since 1990) on the overall incidence, risk factors, outcomes, and management approaches for the many different types of trauma encountered during pregnancy. A systematic review was prepared according to the Quality of Reporting of Metaanalysis standards. We conducted a search of the PubMed database (January 1990 through May 2012) using the key words “trauma” and “pregnancy” along with key words for mechanism of injury including “motor vehicle accident/crash,” “burns,” “falls,” “slips,” “accidental overdose,” “domestic violence,” “suicide,” “homicide,” “penetrating abdominal wound,” and “intentional overdose.” To identify the most appropriate management strategies, the key words “management,” “KB stain,” “ultrasound,” “CT scan,” “fetal monitoring,” and “perimortem cesarean section” were also utilized in the search (Table 1). Only English-language publications were included. The size and quality of the articles reviewed varied considerably depending on the injury. We selected studies for this review that included the largest number of patients and that were population-based and/or prospective. Case reports and case series were used only when more robust studies were lacking. We considered all reports concerning trauma in pregnant women regardless of obstetrical (eg, gestational age, plurality) or demographic (eg, maternal age, race) characteristics. All publications meeting inclusion criteria were assessed for quality by 2 authors (H.M-F., J.D.D.) who independently abstracted information on incidence, risk factors, outcomes, monitoring methods, and various treatment schemes. When available, we recorded incidence rates, relative risk, and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) for adverse outcomes. This systematic review is exempt from institutional review board approval because of the nature of the research design (review article).TABLE 1Results of search for informative studiesSearch criteriaNo. of abstracts reviewedAbstracts meeting criteria for inclusionRetrospective studiesProspective studies“Trauma,” “pregnancy,” and “motor vehicle accident/crash”25236342“Trauma,” “pregnancy,” and “falls” and “slips”761192“Trauma,” “pregnancy,” and “burns”16512111“Trauma,” “pregnancy,” and “accidental poisoning”46211“Trauma,” “pregnancy,” and “domestic violence” and “intimate partner violence”99938571 RCT“Trauma,” “pregnancy,” and “penetrating trauma”32220“Trauma,” “pregnancy” and “suicide” and “homicide”2713130“Trauma,” “pregnancy,” and “toxic exposure”10330“Trauma,” “pregnancy,” and “management”23514122“Trauma,” “pregnancy,” and “KB stain”19660“Trauma,” “pregnancy,” and “ultrasound”8110100“Trauma,” “pregnancy,” and “CT scan”33330“Trauma,” “pregnancy,” and “fetal monitoring”8417161“Trauma,” “pregnancy,” and “perimortem cesarean section”5330Studies were selected for inclusion if they were published from 1990 through present and if, after review of abstract, it was determined that objective of study was to report on outcomes of interest for this analysis.CT, computed tomography; KB, Kleihauer-Betke; RCT, randomized controlled trial.Mendez-Figueroa. Trauma in pregnancy. Am J Obstet Gynecol 2013. Open table in a new tab Studies were selected for inclusion if they were published from 1990 through present and if, after review of abstract, it was determined that objective of study was to report on outcomes of interest for this analysis. CT, computed tomography; KB, Kleihauer-Betke; RCT, randomized controlled trial. Mendez-Figueroa. Trauma in pregnancy. Am J Obstet Gynecol 2013. We reviewed a total of 1164 abstracts and included 225 in this review, of which only 17 had a prospective design (Table 1). Table 2 contains reported (and in some cases calculated) prevalence rates for the various mechanisms of trauma. Table 3 presents the characteristics of the largest trauma studies.TABLE 2Estimated incidence/prevalence of injury by type of trauma during pregnancyMechanism of injuryEstimated incidence/prevalence in pregnancyStudy designEstimated incidence/prevalence outside of pregnancyMotor vehicle crashes207/100,000 live births11Kvarnstrand L. Milsom I. Lekander T. Druid H. Jacobsson B. Maternal fatalities, fetal and neonatal deaths related to motor vehicle crashes during pregnancy: a national population-based study.Acta Obstet Gynecol Scand. 2008; 87: 946-952Crossref PubMed Scopus (48) Google ScholarPopulation-based cohort1104/100,000 womencRates calculated using 2009 US data from Centers for Disease Control and Prevention.99Centers for Disease Control and PreventionVital signs: nonfatal, motor vehicle–occupant injuries (2009) and seat belt use (2008) among adults–United States.MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep. 2011; 59: 1681-1686PubMed Google ScholarFalls and slips48.9/100,000 live births24Schiff M.A. Pregnancy outcomes following hospitalization for a fall in Washington state from 1987 to 2004.BJOG. 2008; 115: 1648-1654Crossref PubMed Scopus (47) Google ScholarRetrospective case-control3029/100,000 women100National Center for Injury Prevention and Control: statistics and activities.Int J Trauma Nurs. 1998; 4: 18-22Abstract Full Text PDF PubMed Scopus (3) Google ScholarBurns0.17/100,000 person-years27Maghsoudi H. Samnia R. Garadaghi A. Kianvar H. Burns in pregnancy.Burns. 2006; 32: 246-250Abstract Full Text Full Text PDF PubMed Scopus (50) Google ScholarRetrospective case-control2.6/100,000 person-years27Maghsoudi H. Samnia R. Garadaghi A. Kianvar H. Burns in pregnancy.Burns. 2006; 32: 246-250Abstract Full Text Full Text PDF PubMed Scopus (50) Google ScholarAccidental poisoningN/AN/AN/ADomestic violence8307/100,000 live births101Gazmararian J.A. Petersen R. Spitz A.M. Goodwin M.M. Saltzman L.E. Marks J.S. Violence and reproductive health: current knowledge and future research directions.Matern Child Health J. 2000; 4: 79-84Crossref PubMed Scopus (207) Google ScholarReview5239/100,000 womencRates calculated using 2009 US data from Centers for Disease Control and Prevention.44US Department of JusticeExtent, nature, and consequences of intimate partner violence, ed 2000.http://www.ncjrs.gov/pdffiles1/nij/181867.pdfGoogle ScholarSuicideaRates exclude attempted suicides. Attempted suicide rate during pregnancy is approximately 40/100,000 pregnancies65 and during postpartum period is 43.9/100,000 live births66;2/100,000 live births61Palladino C.L. Singh V. Campbell J. Flynn H. Gold K.J. Homicide and suicide during the perinatal period: findings from the national violent death reporting system.Obstet Gynecol. 2011; 118: 1056-1063Crossref PubMed Scopus (165) Google ScholarRetrospective cohort8.8/100,000 populationcRates calculated using 2009 US data from Centers for Disease Control and Prevention.102Karch D.L. Dahlberg L.L. Patel N. et al.Surveillance for violent deaths–national violent death reporting system, 16 states, 2006.MMWR Surveill Summ. 2009; 58: 1-44PubMed Google ScholarHomicide2.9/100,000 live births61Palladino C.L. Singh V. Campbell J. Flynn H. Gold K.J. Homicide and suicide during the perinatal period: findings from the national violent death reporting system.Obstet Gynecol. 2011; 118: 1056-1063Crossref PubMed Scopus (165) Google ScholarRetrospective cohort2.3/100,000 women100National Center for Injury Prevention and Control: statistics and activities.Int J Trauma Nurs. 1998; 4: 18-22Abstract Full Text PDF PubMed Scopus (3) Google ScholarPenetrating traumabRates include only causes leading to fatality;3.27/100,000 live birthscRates calculated using 2009 US data from Centers for Disease Control and Prevention.62Centers for Disease Control and PreventionCDC injury prevention and control: data and statistics (WIAQARS) 2009.http://www.cdc.gov/injury/wisqars/index.htmlGoogle ScholarN/A3.4/100,000 womencRates calculated using 2009 US data from Centers for Disease Control and Prevention.62Centers for Disease Control and PreventionCDC injury prevention and control: data and statistics (WIAQARS) 2009.http://www.cdc.gov/injury/wisqars/index.htmlGoogle ScholarToxic exposure25.8/100,000 person-years103McClure C.K. Patrick T.E. Katz K.D. Kelsey S.F. Weiss H.B. Birth outcomes following self-inflicted poisoning during pregnancy, California, 2000 to 2004.J Obstet Gynecol Neonatal Nurs. 2011; 40: 292-301Crossref PubMed Scopus (12) Google ScholarRetrospective cohort115.3/100,000 person-years104McClure C.K. Katz K.D. Patrick T.E. Kelsey S.F. Weiss H.B. The epidemiology of acute poisonings in women of reproductive age and during pregnancy, California, 2000-2004.Matern Child Health J. 2011; 15: 964-973Crossref PubMed Scopus (17) Google ScholarLiterature relating to incidence of burns during pregnancy is limited to most severe cases admitted to burn units and referral centers. Rate for accidental poisoning during pregnancy could not be calculated from available published literature. Domestic violence incidence includes all forms of partner violence: sexual, physical, and psychological.N/A, not available.Mendez-Figueroa. Trauma in pregnancy. Am J Obstet Gynecol 2013.a Rates exclude attempted suicides. Attempted suicide rate during pregnancy is approximately 40/100,000 pregnancies65Gandhi S.G. Gilbert W.M. Mcelvy S.S. et al.Maternal and neonatal outcomes after attempted suicide.Obstet Gynecol. 2006; 107: 984-990Crossref PubMed Scopus (59) Google Scholar and during postpartum period is 43.9/100,000 live births66Schiff M.A. Grossman D.C. Adverse perinatal outcomes and risk for postpartum suicide attempt in Washington state, 1987-2001.Pediatrics. 2006; 118: e669-e675Crossref PubMed Scopus (46) Google Scholar;b Rates include only causes leading to fatality;c Rates calculated using 2009 US data from Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Open table in a new tab TABLE 3Representative studies of trauma organized by year of publication (1990 through 2012)Authors, location (y)DesignInclusionSample sizePrimary outcome: resultsMVC Vivian-Taylor et al,13Vivian-Taylor J. Roberts C.L. Chen J.S. Ford J.B. Motor vehicle accidents during pregnancy: a population-based study.BJOG. 2012; 119: 499-503Crossref PubMed Scopus (27) Google Scholar Australia (2012)Retrospective case-controlHospital admissions after MVC2147Incidence of MVC and pregnancy outcomes after MVC: 3.5/1000 maternity admissions, similar outcomes among MVC and non-MVC Kvarnstrand et al,11Kvarnstrand L. Milsom I. Lekander T. Druid H. Jacobsson B. Maternal fatalities, fetal and neonatal deaths related to motor vehicle crashes during pregnancy: a national population-based study.Acta Obstet Gynecol Scand. 2008; 87: 946-952Crossref PubMed Scopus (48) Google Scholar Sweden (2008)Retrospective case-controlNational Forensic Pathology Database2270Maternal and perinatal mortality after MVC: maternal mortality calculated at 1.4/100,000 pregnancies; perinatal mortality calculated at 3.7/100,000 pregnancies Weiss et al,105Weiss H.B. Sauber-Schatz E.K. Cook L.J. The epidemiology of pregnancy-associated emergency department injury visits and their impact on birth outcomes.Accid Anal Prev. 2008; 40: 1088-1095Crossref PubMed Scopus (40) Google Scholar Utah (2008)Retrospective cohortState Department of Health ER records7350Most common types of maternal injury and risks associated with adverse birth outcomes: MVC are most common mechanism of injury; increased risk of preterm labor, placental abruption, cesarean delivery, and delivery of LBW infant El Kady et al,106El Kady D. Gilbert W.M. Xing G. Smith L.H. Association of maternal fractures with adverse perinatal outcomes.Am J Obstet Gynecol. 2006; 195: 711-716Abstract Full Text Full Text PDF PubMed Scopus (29) Google Scholar California (2006)Retrospective case-controlFractures from Vital Statistics Database3292Association of fractures with adverse maternal/fetal outcomes: increased maternal mortality and morbidity when delivered during hospitalization, worse outcomes with pelvic fractures Hyde et al,107Hyde L.K. Cook L.J. Olson L.M. Weiss H.B. Dean J.M. Effect of motor vehicle crashes on adverse fetal outcomes.Obstet Gynecol. 2003; 102: 279-286Crossref PubMed Scopus (95) Google Scholar Utah (2003)Retrospective case-controlState Department of Transportation reports8938Likelihood of adverse outcomes after MVC: women in MVC who use seatbelts are not at significantly increased risk of adverse fetal outcomes than women not in crashesaPresumably because most MVC are minor and do not result in severe maternal morbidity.; lack of seatbelt use increases risk for LBW infant, excessive maternal bleeding Wolf et al,108Wolf M.E. Alexander B.H. Rivara F.P. Hickok D.E. Maier R.V. Starzyk P.M. A retrospective cohort study of seatbelt use and pregnancy outcome after a motor vehicle crash.J Trauma. 1993; 34: 116-119Crossref PubMed Scopus (72) Google Scholar Washington (1993)Retrospective cohortPolice-investigated MVC2592Association of seatbelt use on outcome >20 wks' gestation: no seatbelt use 1.9 times more likely to have LBW baby and 2.3 times more likely to deliver within 48 hours after MVC Goodwin et al,109Goodwin T.M. Breen M.T. Pregnancy outcome and fetomaternal hemorrhage after noncatastrophic trauma.Am J Obstet Gynecol. 1990; 162: 665-671Abstract Full Text PDF PubMed Scopus (145) Google Scholar Arizona (1990)Prospective cohortNoncatastrophic trauma during second half of pregnancy250Association between signs/symptoms and outcomes after MVC: symptoms of contractions, uterine tenderness, and bleeding after MVC are associated with complications Pearlman et al,3Pearlman M.D. Tintinallli J.E. Lorenz R.P. A prospective controlled study of outcome after trauma during pregnancy.Am J Obstet Gynecol. 1990; 162: 1502-1507Abstract Full Text PDF PubMed Scopus (261) Google Scholar Michigan (1990)Prospective cohortWomen who suffered trauma during pregnancy85Adverse outcomes after trauma: adverse outcomes are not predicted by injury severity; 4 hours of EFM was sensitive but not specific in detecting immediate adverse outcomesDV/IPV Woolhouse et al,57Woolhouse H. Gartland D. Hegarty K. Donath S. Brown S.J. Depressive symptoms and intimate partner violence in the 12 months after childbirth: a prospective pregnancy cohort study.BJOG. 2012; 119: 315-323Crossref PubMed Scopus (85) Google Scholar Australia (2012)Prospective cohortNulliparas 6-24 wks1305Measurement of EPDS and Composite Abuse Scale scores: 16% reported depressive symptoms; 40% also reported DV/IPV Kiely et al,110Kiely M. El-Mohandes A.A. El-Khorazaty M.N. Blake S.M. Gantz M.G. An integrated intervention to reduce intimate partner violence in pregnancy: a randomized controlled trial.Obstet Gynecol. 2010; 115: 273-283Crossref PubMed Scopus (190) Google Scholar Maryland (2010)RCTSelf-identified minorities1044Efficacy of brief psychobehavioral intervention in reducing IPV recurrence during pregnancy and postpartum: intervention group less likely to report recurrent IPV Lutgendorf et al,111Lutgendorf M.A. Busch J.M. Doherty D.A. Conza L.A. Moone S.O. Magann E.F. Prevalence of domestic violence in a pregnant military population.Obstet Gynecol. 2009; 113: 866-872PubMed Google Scholar Virginia (2009)Prospective cohortPrenatal care in Naval Hospital1162Prevalence of current or past DV using Abuse Assessment Screen: current or past abuse prevalence 15.4%; increased abuse during pregnancy in unwed women and those with positive family history of abuse Rodrigues et al,52Rodrigues T. Rocha L. Barros H. Physical abuse during pregnancy and preterm delivery.Am J Obstet Gynecol. 2008; 198: 171.e1-171.e6Abstract Full Text Full Text PDF Scopus (77) Google Scholar Portugal (2008)Prospective cohortSurvey after hospital deliveries2660Assess relationship of abuse with preterm labor: abuse during pregnancy associated with increased risk of PTB Silverman et al,112Silverman J.G. Decker M.R. Reed E. Raj A. Intimate partner violence victimization prior to and during pregnancy among women residing in 26 US states: associations with maternal and neonatal health.Am J Obstet Gynecol. 2006; 195: 140-148Abstract Full Text Full Text PDF PubMed Scopus (275) Google Scholar United States (2006)Retrospective case-controlPRAMS118,579Association of IPV with maternal and neonatal morbidity: IPV prior to and during pregnancy increases risk for multiple adverse outcomesOther forms of trauma Vladutiu et al,25Vladutiu C.J. Evenson K.R. Marshall S.W. Physical activity and injuries during pregnancy.J Phys Act Health. 2010; 7: 761-769PubMed Google Scholar North Carolina (2010)Prospective cohortQuestionnaire about frequency and duration of physical activity1469Injuries from physical activity and exercise: injuries rate of 3.2/1000 physical activity hours and 4.1/1000 exercise hours Dunning et al,23Dunning K. Lemasters G. Bhattacharya A. A major public health issue: the high incidence of falls during pregnancy.Matern Child Health J. 2010; 14: 720-725Crossref PubMed Scopus (69) Google Scholar Ohio (2010)Retrospective cohortSurvey after delivery within 2 months3997Rate, risk factors, and characteristics of falls: falls reported in 27%; age 20-24 y with 2-fold increase in falls; most falls occurred indoors, involved stairs, >3 feet Petrone et al,59Petrone P. Talving P. Browder T. et al.Abdominal injuries in pregnancy: a 155-month study at two level 1 trauma centers.Injury. 2011; 42: 47-49Abstract Full Text Full Text PDF PubMed Scopus (58) Google Scholar California (2011)Retrospective case-controlTrauma admissions291 blunt, 30 penetrating traumaMechanism of injury, injury severity score, abdominal Abbreviated Injury Scale, gestational age, maternal and fetal mortality: penetrating trauma had higher maternal mortality, fetal mortality, and maternal morbidity Palladino et al,61Palladino C.L. Singh V. Campbell J. Flynn H. Gold K.J. Homicide and suicide during the perinatal period: findings from the national violent death reporting system.Obstet Gynecol. 2011; 118: 1056-1063Crossref PubMed Scopus (165) Google Scholar United States (2011)Retrospective case-controlNational Violent Death Reporting System94 suicides, 139 homicidesDeaths attributable to homicide or suicide: pregnancy-associated suicide 2.0/100,000 live births, homicide 2.9/100,000 live births; 54% of suicides and 45% of homicides associated with IPV McClure et al,103McClure C.K. Patrick T.E. Katz K.D. Kelsey S.F. Weiss H.B. Birth outcomes following self-inflicted poisoning during pregnancy, California, 2000 to 2004.J Obstet Gynecol Neonatal Nurs. 2011; 40: 292-301Crossref PubMed Scopus (12) Google Scholar California (2011)Retrospective case-controlDischarges for intentional poisoning430Birth outcomes after intentional acute overdose during pregnancy: incidence rate of 25.87/100,000 person years, greatest in first weeks of gestation; PTB, LBW, congenital heart disease increased Gandhi et al,65Gandhi S.G. Gilbert W.M. Mcelvy S.S. et al.Maternal and neonatal outcomes after attempted suicide.Obstet Gynecol. 2006; 107: 984-990Crossref PubMed Scopus (59) Google Scholar California (2006)Retrospective case-controlVital statistics discharge database2132 attempted suicidesRisks for and outcomes after attempted suicide; substance abuse was best identifier of women at risk; increased risk of premature labor, cesarean delivery, need for transfusion, increased respiratory distress syndrome, and LBW Czeizel et al,113Czeizel A.E. Timar L. Susanszky E. Timing of suicide attempts by self-poisoning during pregnancy and pregnancy outcomes.Int J Gynaecol Obstet. 1999; 65: 39-45Abstract Full Text Full Text PDF PubMed Scopus (22) Google Scholar Hungary (1999)Retrospective cohortAdmissions after self-poisoning1044Outcomes associated with self-poisoning: self- poisoning associated with 44.4% live born birth rate, unknown teratogenic effectDV, domestic violence; EFM, external fetal monitoring; EPDS, Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale; ER, emergency room; IPV, intimate partner violence; LBW, low birthweight; MVC, motor vehicle crashes; PRAMS, Pregnancy Risks Assessment Monitoring System; PTB, preterm birth; RCT, randomized controlled trial.Mendez-Figueroa. Trauma in pregnancy. Am J Obstet Gynecol 2013.a Presumably because most MVC are minor and do not result in severe maternal morbidity. Open table in a new tab Literature relating to incidence of burns during pregnancy is limited to most severe cases admitted to burn units and referral centers. Rate for accidental poisoning during pregnancy could not be calculated from available published literature. Domestic violence incidence includes all forms of partner violence: sexual, physical, and psychological. N/A, not available. Mendez-Figueroa. Trauma in pregnancy. Am J Obstet Gynecol 2013. DV, domestic violence; EFM, external fetal monitoring; EPDS, Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale; ER, emergency room; IPV, intimate partner violence; LBW, low birthweight; MVC, motor vehicle crashes; PRAMS, Pregnancy Risks Assessment Monitoring System; PTB, preterm birth; RCT, randomized controlled trial. Mendez-Figueroa. Trauma in pregnancy. Am J Obstet Gynecol 2013. Unintentional trauma accounts for a large portion of major trauma during pregnancy,4Schiff M.A. Holt V.L. Daling J.R. Maternal and infant outcomes after injury during pregnancy in Washington state from 1989 to 1997.J Trauma. 2002; 53: 939-945Crossref PubMed Scopus (71) Google Scholar the most commonly encountered form of which is motor vehicle crashes (MVC). The overall incidence rate of MVC during pregnancy has been estimated at around 207 cases per 100,000 pregnancies.11Kvarnstrand L. Milsom I. Lekander T. Druid H. Jacobsson B. Maternal fatalities, fetal and neonatal deaths related to motor vehicle crashes during pregnancy: a national population-based study.Acta Obstet Gynecol Scand. 2008; 87: 946-952Crossref PubMed Scopus (48) Google Scholar It is one of the leading causes of both maternal and fetal mortality, with estimated mortality rates of 1.4 per 100,000 and 3.7 per 100,000 pregnancies, respectively.11Kvarnstrand L. Milsom I. Lekander T. Druid H. Jacobsson B. Maternal fatalities, fetal and neonatal deaths related to motor vehicle crashes during pregnancy: a national population-based study.Acta Obstet Gynecol Scand. 2008; 87: 946-952Crossref PubMed Scopus (48) Google Scholar Of pregnant women involved in a MVC, 87% receive some sort of medical care12Whitehead N.S. Prenatal counseling on seat belt use and crash-related medical care.Matern Child Health J. 2011 Aug 3; ([epub ahead of print]. PMID:21811808)PubMed Google Scholar and 0.61 pregnancy admissions per 1000 live births can be attributed to MVC.7Schiff M.A. Holt V.L. Pregnancy outcomes following hospitalization for motor vehicle crashes in Washington state from 1989 to 2001.Am J Epidemiol. 2005; 161: 503-510Crossref PubMed Scopus (79) Google Scholar The majority of these admissions occur >20 weeks' gestation.13Vivian-Taylor J. Roberts C.L. Chen J.S. Ford J.B. Motor vehicle accidents during pregnancy: a population-based study.BJOG. 2012; 119: 499-503Crossref PubMed Scopus (27) Google Scholar The major risk factor for adverse outcomes during MVC is improper seat belt use: in both front and rear collisions, the impact with the steering wheel can be avoided with proper belt use.14Motozawa Y. Hitosugi M. Abe T. Tokudome S. Effects of seat belts worn by pregnant drivers during low-impact collisions.Am J Obstet Gynecol. 2010; 203: 62.e1-62.e8Abstract Full Text Full Text PDF Scopus (22) Google Scholar Unfortunately, in one study, only half of patients report having received counseling regarding seatbelt use from their prenatal care provider.15Sirin H. Weiss H.B. Sauber-Schatz E.K. Dunning K. Seat belt use, counseling and motor-vehicle injury during pregnancy: results from a multi-state population-based survey.Matern Child Health J. 2007; 11: 505-510Crossref PubMed Scopus (25) Google Scholar The use of intoxicants has also been reported as a major risk factor for MVC during pregnancy; 37 of 85 pregnant patients (43.5%) evaluated following an MVC at a major trauma cent" @default.
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• W2082602297 title "Trauma in pregnancy: an updated systematic review" @default.
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