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- W2083254148 abstract "ABSTRACT Uncertainty exists in our industry over selection of the most appropriate means to satisfy the simplest of scale-up requirements. The requirement in question being conversion of isothermal pressure loss measurements made with simple fluids in smooth laboratory pipes to appropriate values for field-size tubing and casing. These fluids are classified as simple because they comprise the time-independent, homogeneous, linear polymer-in-water solutions that form the nucleus of most stimulation fluid formulations. It is only after determination of an appropriate scale-up method that our industry can make real progress toward solution of more difficult problems dealing with the effects of non-isothermal conditions, pipe roughness, non-homogeneity, and time and/or energy dependency. Addressing these more difficult problems will permit development of more reliable correlations to be used in making bottomhole treating pressure estimates for real-time analysis. The current uncertainty associated with scale-up is fostered by availability of a wide variety of methods, each of which appears to be unique in its formulation. In this paper, we provide comparisons among various scale-up procedures in use and/or available to industry. These comparisons are made using laboratory data collected from turbulent flow experiments conducted in nominal 3/4 to 2-in. [1.905 to 5.08-cm] Schedule 40 pipe using 0.36 to 0.95 weight percent hydroxypropyl guar in water solution. Complicating this analysis is the fact that a non-trivial scale-up method does not exist, i.e., it is necessary to determine unique, method-dependent parameters for each fluid formulation using turbulent flow pressure loss measurements obtained with the fluid in question. Each scale-up procedure evaluated is shown to produce a diameter invariant correlation of the type necessary to facilitate scale-up. Using these various diameter invariant correlations (all developed from the same data base), conflicting predictions for large diameter friction loss are produced. At a fixed fluid velocity and with increasing pipe diameter, percent friction reduction below that of water was predicted by the various methods to either increase, decrease, or remain the same. The significance of these variations in terms of their impact on stimulation operations is discussed." @default.
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- W2083254148 date "1987-09-27" @default.
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- W2083254148 title "Turbulent Flow of Stimulation Fluids: An Evaluation of Friction Loss Scale-Up Methods" @default.
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- W2083254148 doi "https://doi.org/10.2118/16889-ms" @default.
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