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• W2083659895 abstract "“What's a ca-i-boo?”, Milly asked her grandfather, turning from the nature documentary on TV. She was only four; the perfect excuse for not knowing what a ca-i-boo was. No problem. Grandfather would know; he knew everything about animals. Grandfather turned from the window. He'd been looking out for Milly's parents who were overdue returning from a trip to Anchorage. The snow was holding them up and he was worried that Milly and he might have to spend Christmas Eve without them. “You mean caribou?”, he asked. “Caribou are deer that live all around the North”, he said. “‘Caribou' is really a distortion of the Algonquian name for them, kaliboo, but caribou is what the 17th-century French trappers in Canada heard, so they, and eventually we, ended up saying that. Kaliboo actually means ‘scraper' – caribou scrape the snow away to find their food.” He made a pawing motion. “We call those that live in Europe and Asia reindeer, although they are the same species, Rangifer tarandus. Some people, however, recognize them as different subspecies; there are seven in all, you know.” Grandfather knew a lot of stuff – sometimes too much. “In Europe and Asia, reindeer were semi-domesticated, unlike our caribou, but we do have actual reindeer here in Alaska, about 30 000. A Presbyterian missionary called Sheldon Jackson brought the first 16 over from Siberia in 1891; he wanted to teach the Inupiaq people to herd them….” Fredrik Larsen carrying the reindeer mail in 1915/1916. Milly tuned out as Grandfather explained the history of reindeer in Alaska. Of how Jackson had bought that first little group with church-raised money, of how he hired Sami reindeer herders from Scandinavia to help teach the Inupiaq their new trade, and of how some have questioned whether this attempt to ostensibly ensure the Inupiaq's safety from starvation might not have had a more politically expedient dimension as the US settled Alaska. She began to stare out into the wintry night, watching for her parents. It was getting late. Maybe that little light in the distance would be her parents' car? Milly's interest in Grandfather's ramblings was suddenly renewed by the sight of him rummaging enthusiastically through his sea-chest. She loved that trunk; it was always full of surprises, and Grandfather found one every time he opened it. “There, see these old pictures? These are of a Sami man, Fredrik Larsen, who came to Alaska when he was just 17, hired by Jackson.” Milly had never seen black and white photographs before. “Larsen was a reindeer mailman!”, exclaimed Grandfather. “That's right; they once used reindeer to carry the mail across Alaska. Jackson was behind that, too. In 1899, reindeer started hauling mail from St Michael on the Seward Peninsula to Kotzebue, and from Eaton Station to Nome. Some say there was a St Michael–Eaton–Kotzebue round trip – a 1240-mile journey!” Milly wasn't sure, but it sounded like a long way. “Reindeer would be better than dogs, since you wouldn't have to carry their food; they could feed along the way”, explained Grandfather, “but with 300 pounds of mail to carry, a reindeer could only go for 50 miles, so they had relay stations....” He was off and running again. Milly looked through the window to check on the light. It was much nearer now. “But there's some controversy about how long these reindeer mail routes lasted. See this old New York Times newspaper clipping from August 15th, 1909? It says that reindeer sleds may have only pulled the mail over a short period, and that the Post Office Department thought even then that they might no longer be used. Yet this Glenbow Museum Collection picture of Larsen working the Nome–Teller route is from 1915 or 1916. And this one in Faith Fjeld's A Reindeer Story is from the 1920s. So they must have had reindeer mail for years, don't you think? Milly?” Grandfather went back to his sea-chest looking for answers, leaving Milly staring out of the window. The light she'd been watching had suddenly grown huge and had climbed into the sky, but was now descending fast, right over the house. It wasn't her parents, but a sled being pulled by nine ca-i-boos! She knew for sure because she could count to 11. The sled was full of what looked like mail sacks, and it was driven by a portly, smiling, whiskered old man dressed in bright red. She looked at the black and white pictures. Larsen must have been wearing red! And of course, Grandfather had said the pictures were taken long ago; that explained the whiskers! There were only two reindeer in the photographs, but with nine you could cover 1240 miles in no time – why, you could go around the world! She ran out into the freezing night. “Fredrik, Fredrik!”, she called up to the roof. But the sled was already fading from view behind the billowing snowflakes." @default.
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• W2083659895 date "2012-12-01" @default.
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• W2083659895 title "The snow scraper" @default.
• W2083659895 doi "https://doi.org/10.1890/1540-9295-10.10.584" @default.
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